Biology - Free Essay Examples And Topic Ideas

Case Respiratory System

1. What are the values for Mary's tidal volume (TV) and the alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)? (Remember to consider the dead space of 150ml). Normal alveolar ventilation is 4.0-5.0L. How does Mary's AVR compare with normal volumes? a. Tidal volume= Minute Ventilation Rate divide by respiratory rate (MVR/RR) MVR= 6.1L/min=6100ml?min RR=30bpm TV= 6100/30=203ml b. Alveolar ventilation rate= the difference between Tidal volume and Dead space multiplied by Respiratory rate (TV-DSV)*RR TV= 203ml DSV=150ml RR=30bpm AVR=(203-150)*30=1590ml=1.6L Mary's AVR is in 2.5-3 […]

Essay about Resistance to Stress

Caloric restriction extends longevity in yeast because the absence of Tor/Sch9 signaling causes a metabolic change that uses acetic acid, which is similar to the generation and use of ketone bodies, acetoacetic acid, and lower than that of glucose (Wei et al., 2009). High levels of acetic acid promotes apoptosis in yeast and is the primary factor promoting culture acidification, chronological aging, and apoptotic death (Burtner et al., 2009). Tor/Sch9 pathway blocks the utilization of acetate. Tor-Sch9 deficiency extends longevity […]

Estrogen, a Steroid Hormone

Our results extend previous observations describing estrogen's neuroprotective effects. A previous study suggested that the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone worked differently as neuroprotective agents. It provided data for a role of testosterone as a neuroprotective hormone in neurons. When looking at how they regulate protease activity, their results show that testosterone and dihydrotestosterone inhibited calpain activation and the generation of the 17-kDa tau fragment, but did not work on caspase-3 activation and tau truncation at Asp421 as estrogen did. […]

Sustainability in Water Supply

The theory of water's origin may be debated, but the versatility of water is recognized as vital to human life. Innumerable theories have been proposed about how water was acquired on the earth's surface over the last 4.6 billion years (Robert, "The Origin of Water on Earth," 2001). The significance of water extends beyond everyday survival, serving as an environmental lifeline for numerous species and habitats. Water provides humans with the opportunity to maintain balanced health, support agricultural labor, and […]

Interactions between Magnetic Nanoparticles and a Static Magnetic Field

"In this presentation, we reviewed some basic concepts regarding the interactions between magnetic nanoparticles and a static or time-varying external magnetic field. We showed how these pertain to current biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles. The focus was, in particular, on magnetic separation and drug delivery, although these are only two of the many biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles currently being explored. For example, there's magnetic twisting cytometry, a process in which ferromagnetic microspheres are bound to specific receptors on a […]

Research on PCOS Women

Immunity – Humans are Exposed with Microbes

Humans are exposed to microbes that contain a vast array of allergenic substances, threatening normal homeostasis. Therefore, the immune system is important to defend the body from pathogens. It eliminates pathological microbes and toxic or allergenic proteins, but it must avoid responses that cause excessive damage to self-tissues or potentially eliminate beneficial commensal microbes. A general feature of the immune system is that its mechanisms rely on detecting structural features of the pathogen or toxin that mark it as distinct […]

Degradation of Glycogen and Necrotic Cell Death

PYGL (glycogen phosphorylase) catalyzes degradation of glycogen and therefore allows it to be used as an energy source. The researchers were unable to obtain PYGL antibodies to further study the RIP3/PYGL interaction in necrosis. However, the interaction was induced by TNF but not zVAD. They incubated flag RIP3 missing glutathione S-transferase, which did not enhance PYGL activity and could only determine that RIP3 activates PYGL. They measured PYGL activity in N cells, RIP1 knockdown and RIP3 knockdown without and without […]

Saving an Endangered Epecies: the Question of Ethics

The amount of gene disorders in American has risen significantly over the past few years. According to Global Genes, “rare diseases affect one in [every] ten Americans.” From this statistic, it is fairly assumed that 30 million people have a rare disease in the United States alone (Global Genes). Food and Drug Administration processes are long and expensive. The waiting time to get a new medication or therapy approved is too long to keep up with the newly emerging health […]

The Bond between the Themes and Science in Never Let me Go and Gattaca

Many science fiction movies, including those involving human clones, occur hundreds of years in the future where technology surpasses what society has now and where the world appears completely foreign compared to today. Although this futuristic approach can create an intriguing film, it may be less disturbing for viewers because they cannot deeply relate to the characters or their environment since the movie's world is vastly different from their own. This fact makes the 2010 movie "Never Let Me Go," […]

Molecular Mechanisms of Acute Myeloid Leukemia and AML Treatments

Cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma are hematologic diseases that affect millions of Americans each year. Specifically, acute myeloid leukemia, which is also known as AML, is considered to be one of the most frequently occurring types of leukemia and is a major cause of mortality in the United States. Acute myeloid leukemia is infamous for being challenging to treat, due to the capability of the cells forming resistance to treatment. Therefore, it is critical to understand the molecular mechanisms […]

Harmful Side Effects of Synthetic Drugs

Literature shows that synthetic drugs are more expensive and known to have harmful side effects compared to natural drugs. This fact simply advocates the economic benefit that it's cheaper to extract the phytochemicals from medicinal plants, rather than using expensive laboratory chemicals.   Medicinal plants are commonly used for the treatment of various diseases because they are considered to be advantageous. Medicinal plants contain numerous phytochemicals with potential biological activities that have been identified. Oxidative stress and inflammation are primarily […]

RIP3, an Energy Metabolism Regulator

That Switches TNF-Induced Cell Death from Apoptosis to Necrosis describes steps that led to the discovery of protein kinase receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3), a molecular switch that changes TNF-induced cell death from Apoptosis to Necrosis. Necrosis is a caspase independent cell death induced in the presence of caspase inhibitor zVAD and simulation of TNF. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is an inflammatory cytokine that induces necrotic cell death as well as transcription factor activation and inflammatory and immunological responses. It brings […]

Biological Basis of Human Sexual Orientation

The desire to study the biological basis of human sexual orientation in the scientific community is relatively recent phenomenon. To this day, sexual orientation acquisition remains one of the most prominent biological mechanisms unknown to science. It has become clear, however, that human sexual arousal, which is usually triggered by external stimuli or endogenous factors, is a multidimensional experience comprising cognitive, emotional, motivational, and physiological components (Hu et al, 2008). With this in mind, from as early as the 1990s, […]

Accelerated Inflammation and Cancer Metastases

Background Prostate cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer that can metastasize to the bone. The mechanism of how cancer cells break away from their primary origin and travel through the bloodstream to the bone is a process that is still unclear to many scientists (“Bone Metastasis,” 2018). Once cancer cells reach the bone, they become a part of an environment where it is easy for the cells to become mobile, proliferate, and differentiate to proinflammatory cells. […]

Culture Versus Evolution: Mating Preferences

There has been a question to what the purpose of life is. From a biological perspective, the question can be examined in a very simple fashion. The purpose of life is to reproduce and further the species. In order to do this, the human race must acquire quality mates in order for their best chance of survival. In this day and age, however, the qualities may be different than what our ancestors had chosen. So this leads to the question […]

Homosexuality Behavior is Exhibited through all Types of Species of Animals

We as a species are the only ones to grasp an understanding of it through biological, psychological and social aspect. We can view how biology,psychology and social play factors into why are gay ro why they might hide the fact that they are. I will be discussing how this mainly affects male homosexuals in general. Most cases are focused on the male narrative of homosexuality in the aspect that males are the mainly subjects in biological study, socially are more […]

Discoveries in Biological Science

The world of biological science is a diverse, fascinating and ever-changing field. One that is filled with many ground-breaking discoveries that continue to shape the world we live in today. Within the past 200 years, advances in technology have rapidly increased which has led to incredible biological breakthroughs. Biologists like Alexander Fleming, Marie Curie, and George Otto Gey, have paved the way for our future generations. Just under 100 years ago, a biologist, and physician, by the name of Alexander […]

What is UV Light?

"The visual system is arguably the most important sense that humans have in order to navigate the world around them. The eyes are highly susceptible to UV light, making them a prime target for free radical oxidation of both lipids and proteins, causing cell damage and eventually, cell death. One such disease caused by UV light exposure is called age related macular degeneration (AMD), which is the most common cause of blindness in the United States. This disease is complicated […]

Journal Article for Review: Apoptosis-induced CXCL5

The article under review examines the acceleration of inflammation and growth of prostate tumor metastasis in bone due to apoptosis-induced CXCL5. Tumor cell death, which can be increased by targeted therapies, causes immense efferocytosis to clear the apoptotic cells. It is thought that this can lead to accelerated tumor growth. The scope of this research article is limited to prostate cancer cells and the proinflammatory cytokine, CKCL5, along with other variants. This article will exclude other ways of metastasis of […]

Who Believe that Darwinism is the Backbone of Social Theory

It has been extensively argued that homosexuality could possibly have a biological origin; however, it seems to contradict the Darwinian logic of reproductive success. Charles Darwin taught that evolution is possible due to the fact that natural selection acts solely by taking advantage of modest, yet superior, variations in individuals. Homosexuality is troubling for those who believe that Darwinism is the backbone of social theory, specifically psychologists, as social theory requires Darwinism to be completely and thoroughly understood. Homosexuality contradicts […]

Why the Concept of Race is not Biologically Supported?

The concept of race is not supported biologically nor can humans be naturally divided into racial categories. Humans are biologically different; however, do not fall in racial groups nor are biological units (Fuentes 2012, 73). The ABO system, Human Genome Project, and Ancestry Informative Markers explains how and why the concept of race is not biologically supported nor can humans be naturally divided into racial categories. The ABO system does not have any human division alleles between black-white-Asian model of […]

A Brief Review of Prostate Adenocarcinoma

Prostate cancer continues to be a major cause of cancer-related death in the male population of the western world, even with incidence rates on the rise worldwide. This increase in new prostate cancer diagnoses each year in the western world is presumably resulting from their lifestyle and environment (Tian, Guo, Zheng, & Ahmad, 2017). A clear clinical diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma rests in the hands of a pathologist following a needle biopsy. It often depends on the absence of the […]

Globular Protein – Caspase-9 Enzyme

The globular protein caspase-9 may initially not seem very important or significant, as it sounds like the ninth of many other caspase proteins. However, this protein plays a vital role, not only in the cell’s life cycle but also in the life of humans and other mammals. Caspase-9 is an enzyme whose function ultimately leads to cell degradation and apoptosis. This protein is a member of the peptidase family C14, and is encoded by the CASP9 gene located on the […]

Respiratory System, Respiratory Distress

n include restlessness, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, and an elevation in blood pressure. While more prominent signs of severe hypoxia are cyanosis, head bobbing, altered mental status, and seizures. While "Hypoxemia is a below-normal level of oxygen in your blood, specifically in the arteries. Hypoxemia is a sign of a problem related to breathing or circulation, and may result in various symptoms, such as shortness of breath known as dyspnea"(Hypoxemia, par. 1). Signs of hypoxemia are not being able to catch […]

Physiological and Nutritional Factors Affecting the Results of Basketball Players

Abstract These studies included relevant information on physiological responses such as adenosine triphosphate, phosphocreatine (PCr), and anaerobic glycolysis which all three are included in the anaerobic pathway (Glaister, 2005). Moreover, with respect to physiological responses, heart rate and lactate threshold were also referred in this review as essential variables for basketball performance (Godwin et al., 2007; Paul and Garg, 2012). On the other hand, there are also nutritional demands for the human body and most specifically for the basketball players […]

‘Henrietta Lacks’: a Donor’s Immortal Legacy

The book “Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks” is a true book of her life experience written by American writer Rebecca Skloot. The book examines Henrietta Lacks, a poor tobacco rancher from the Southern US, whose cervical disease cells were gathered in 1951. Henrietta never knew that she was being so generous .Without her understanding or consent or any monetary pay, these cells were utilized to make an immortal cell line known as HeLa that researchers are utilizing right up 'til […]

A Review on Pharmacological and Analytical Aspects of Diosgenin

The author declared that diosgenin restrains STAT3 signaling pathways, leading to inhibition of multiplication and chemosensitization of liver tumor cells (31). Overexpression of active STAT3 releases diosgenin, tempted to induce apoptosis. Moreover, diosgenin causes the aggregation of cells in the G1 stage of the cell cycle and triggers caspase-3, causing PARP cleavage in HCC [31]. Diosgenin reduces the expression of STAT3-regulated genes including Bcl-2, Mcl-1, cyclin D1, Bcl-2, and VEGF. It also suppresses proliferation, enhances cell accumulation in the G1/G0 […]

Intracellular Role of Apoptosis in In-Vivo Reactions Occurring in Multi-Cellular Organisms

There are two well-known methods of cell execution: Apoptosis and Necrosis. Necrosis is regarded as a violent form of cell death, whereas apoptosis, on the other hand, is a more benign, modulated, and rational mode of killing cells. This process involves making well-informed decisions about selected cells to be terminated for the greater good of the host organisms. The advantages associated with the use of apoptosis as a regulated manner of programmed cell execution are well documented in literature. These […]

FMRI and Bisexuality

Individuals who identify as bisexual have been overlooked in investigations for much of the short time dedicated to examining sexual orientation through neuroimaging. Exploring neural responses in subgroups of the population who are not 'monosexual' is critical to studying a topic that involves examining variations in sexual identities across the population. In one study, men who identified as homosexual, heterosexual, and bisexual were exposed to sexually explicit images and videos of men, women, and same-sex couples. This time, a region […]