Apoptosis Essay Examples - Free Research Papers on PapersOwl.com

Harmful Side Effects of Synthetic Drugs

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As Literature shows that synthetic drugs are much expensive and known to have harmful side effects over natural drugs as they made simple economic that means it’s cheaper to extract the phytochemicals from medicinal plants, instead using expensive laboratory chemicals. Medicinal plants are commonly used for the treatment of various diseases, as they are considered to have advantages As medicinal plants has numerous phytochemicals with potential in biological activities have been identified. Oxidative stress and inflammation have been mainly […]

Potential Mechanisms for Cancer Resistance in Elephants and Comparativage in Humans

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It is expected that cancer risk would increase with body size and life span. Peto’s paradox describes the lack of correlation between body size, life span, and cancer risk (Caulin, 2011). The cellular mechanism behind this has only been experimentally demonstrated in rodents. TP53 is a gene that codes for the p53 protein. This gene is vital in tumor suppression, and is mutated in many human cancers (Jiang, 2018). Humans have one copy (2 alleles) of this gene. Both alleles […]

Our Benefactor: the Healing Honey Bee

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“For centuries, our benefactor, the Honey bee, has served a significant role in the life of humans. Honey bees have both fascinated and healed humans in a multitude of ways. In the Upper Paleolithic period, some 25000 years ago, art crafted by the hands of man upon rocks illustrate our ancestors collecting their golden nectar [4]. Waxy residues and traces of honey have been detected on a multitude of shards of Stone Age pottery [3]. Evidence left by our Neolithic […]

Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by Exposure to High Glucose Conditions

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Abstract Endothelial dysfunction induced by exposure to high glucose conditions is recognized as one of the earliest events in the pathogenesis of diabetes-related vascular complications. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome protein complex governs the production of interleukin-1? (IL-1?) and interleukin-18 (IL-18), two major proinflammatory cytokines involved in endothelial dysfunction and other diabetic comorbidities. Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) is an important protective factor that is essential for activation of NLRP3 and is down-regulated in response to high glucose. Recently, there has been conflicting […]

What is Bioactive Compounds?

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Bioactive compounds, including polyphenols and phenolic acids or flavonoids, etc., have antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties. These compounds show high specificity because probably they act as an anti-oxidant and pro-oxidant. Approximately 60% of drugs currently used for cancer treatment have been isolated from natural products and the plant kingdom has been the most significant source. These include Vinca alkaloids, Taxus diterpenes, Camptotheca alkaloids ,and Podophyllum lignans. The pro-oxidant activity is the major cause for obstructing the growth factors related to different […]

Intracellular Role of Apoptosis in In-Vivo Reactions Occurring in Multi-Cellular Organisms

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There are two well-known methods of cell execution namely: Apoptosis and Necrosis. Whereas necrosis is regarded as a violent form of cell death, apoptosis on the other hand, is a more benign, modulated and rational mode of killing cells which involves making well-informed decisions about selected cells to be terminated for the greater good of the host organisms. The advantages associated with the use of apoptosis as a regulated manner of programmed cell execution are well documented in literature and […]

A Form of Preprogrammed Cell Death

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Apoptosis is a form of preprogrammed cell death. It can occur if DNA is too damaged or if a cell is infected and cannot complete its function anymore. There are two pathways to trigger cell death. The extrinsic pathway begins the process through external ligand binding. The intrinsic pathway begins by releasing mitochondrial proteins into the cell. Both pathways lead to the cell diminishing in size before beginning to break apart. Once this happens, adjacent cells and macrophages take in […]

How Cells Cheat Death

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Cells are constantly fighting between life and death. It is believed that once cells go through certain incidences, their death is irreversible. Incidences such as, shrinkage, the breakdown of DNA or mitochondria, condensation of the nucleus, as well as activation of caspases. A new ability to replenished cells was recently discovered; it is called anastasis. Anastasis is a natural cell recovery that rescues cells from the brink of death (Tang, 2018). Its purpose is to save cells that are challenging […]

Traditional Chinese Medicine Essay

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Introduction Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a type of holistic, natural health care system with its origin deeply rooted in the ancient philosophy of Taoism. The practice of TCM dates back more than 2500 years and it is regarded as one of the oldest forms of medicines. Chinese herbal medicines are a very important component of TCM, which also includes other mind and body practices like acupuncture, moxibustion (burning an herb above the skin to apply heat to acupuncture points), […]

RIP3, an Energy Metabolism Regulator

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That Switches TNF-Induced Cell Death from Apoptosis to Necrosis describes steps that led to the discovery of protein kinase receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3), a molecular switch that changes TNF-induced cell death from Apoptosis to Necrosis. Necrosis is a caspase independent cell death induced in the presence of caspase inhibitor zVAD and simulation of TNF. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is an inflammatory cytokine that induces necrotic cell death as well as transcription factor activation and inflammatory and immunological responses. It brings […]

Frontiers in Pharmacology

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Summary of Research Method Applied In Vitro Studies : give us some useful information about the effects of Bryostatin-1 on the mechanisms involved in MS such as oxidative stress . Explanation ; Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the ability of the body to counteract or detoxify their harmful effects through neutralization by antioxidants. The viability tests : Explanation; is an assay to determine the ability of organs, cells or tissues to maintain or […]

Haemoglobinopathies are the Commonest Single Gene Disorders in the Worl

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Abstract: Haemoglobinopathies are the commonest single gene disorders in the world, which result in anaemia due to premature destruction of red cells. Defective globin chain renders the cells vulnerable to oxidative damage. Such anaemic state can only be corrected by regular transfusion of blood. The only way to reduce the transfusional load, is through salvaging such defective red cells from free radical induced oxidative damage. In this research we will find the inducer which will shield the dyserythropoiesis and increase […]

Neurobiology Final Exam

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This injury to the spinal cord would result in several different consequences to the cells and functioning of the spinal cord. For example, the severing of the axons of the neurons in the affected region would greatly impact the communication between the brain and the muscles. Thus, this will impede the transmission of sensory signals to the brain, as well as motor signals coming from the brain. Also, the death of oligodendrocytes would result in a lack of myelination in […]

Estrogen, a Steroid Hormone

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Estrogen, a steroid hormone, produced by the ovaries, has been the focus of research for its neurobehavioral and physiological properties. Estrogen has many different functions besides its well documented roles in reproductive development and sexual differentiation (Vrtacnik et al 2014). For example, the importance of estrogen becomes apparently clear during menopause when the endogenous levels of estrogen are drastically reduced. It is during this period that the reduction in estrogen leads to potentially damaging consequences to cardiovascular function and bone […]

Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis)

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Apoptosis is an event in which a cell is programmed and specifically sentenced to death. It happens naturally in the body. Apoptosis in greek means to fall off, and that’s one way to think about it. It’s as if one, or a few chosen cells are falling off a cliff, while the rest keep working. Apoptosis can be likened to suicide, in that only one cell is killed, and it is intentional. Also, it often happens to cells that are […]

The Significance of Stem Cell Regulation

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Before delving into the molecular biology and therapeutic potentials of induced pluripotent stem cells, it is crucial that foundational definitions and descriptions are provided. A stem cell commences as an undifferentiated cell that can either undergo self-renewal whereby it generates daughter cells that remain as stem cells, or mature into a specific cell type via differentiation (Can/Hematol 2008). Specific stem cell types possess unique potencies, or abilities to self-renew. This is to say that one type of stem cell may […]

Method of Inhibiting Metastasis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

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Significance According to 2018 data, an estimated 609,640 people in the United States will die from cancer this year, while approximately 1.7 million new cases of cancer will be diagnosed1. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the US and constitutes approximately 22 percent of deaths1. In addition, cancer creates huge financial burdens on both individuals and society. It is estimated that medical costs associated with cancer reached an astonishing $80.2 billion in 20151. Research surrounding miRNAs has […]

Cells are Actively Participating in their Environment

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Cells are actively participating in their environment by continuous regulation of their structure and functions to adapt changing demands and extracellular stresses. Cells normally maintain a stable state called homeostasis which is defined as the remarkable ways of regulating the internal environment despite the dramatic changes that can occur sometimes in the external environment. If the cells encounter stress they will undergo to adapt which is the ability of cells to achieve a new steady state and preserving viability and […]

Personalized Medicine in Health Related Industries

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“In 1997, a Nature Biotechnology article reported how the advances made in genomics have been building a foundation for a future of personalized medicines where produced drugs are focused for the individual rather than the “average person.” Over the years in health related industries, personalized medicine has become a powerful term that brings forth a depiction of a medical revolution that graduates from a “one size fits all” approach to one that factors in predictions of disease, diagnosis and treatment […]

Anti-Cancer Targeted Therapy

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“In a recent study, about 70 percent of all ovarian cancer patients are found at a very advance stages (3 or 4), and of those woman, about 80 percent will recur.6 As a result, ovarian cancer recurrence is something that most women fear. Before Zejula was approved, the treatment for cancer recurrence was chemotherapy.7 One of the primary goals to treat recurrent diseases is to subside or prevent symptoms of the disease while keeping the side effects to a minimum. […]

What is Cisplatin?

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Cisplatin is a “chemotherapeutic agent” which can bind with DNA covalently with the purine base mainly guanine in a cross link that leads to transcription inhibition, arrest cell cycle and causes apoptotic effect27. Cisplatin is responsible of production of reactive oxygen species28 Absorption of cisplatin into the nucleus DNA, binding two adjacent guanines in the same DNA strand causing an inhibition of DNA synthesis and death of the cell 29. In addition, Programmed cell death or apoptosis has been associated […]

Localization of the MLKL Protein to the Plasma Membrane and how it Affects TNF-induced Necroptosis

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“In this study, the authors’ main focus is the MLKL protein properties such as; where it is translocated, what it induces upon translocation, and the possible complexes that if forms. The experiment as whole, shows the MLKL becomes phosphorylated by RIP3 and results in an engagement with the necrosome through its interaction with RIP 3. It is demonstrated that MLKL forms a homotrimer and then localizes to the plasma membrane with RIP3 which is required for mediating necroptosis. Interestingly enough, […]

Worldwide Health Concern

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Abstract Cancer has become a worldwide health concern and a need for a cure exposed us to seek natural alternatives. The Annona muricata is a plant-based remedy which popularity have increase over time due to its anticancer properties. It’s organisms constituents have shown to have promising compounds that can instigate apoptosis and proliferation to cancer cells. Numerous vitro and vivo studies have reveal the A. muricata possess potential anticancer constituents. Indeed, annonaceous acetogenins, ethyl acetate and ionic liquid have shown […]

Death of Eukaryotic Cell

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“In physiological settings, intrinsic genetic programs allow eukaryotic cells to commit suicide in a regulated manner. The best studied programmed cell death is apoptosis which is regulated by cysteine-aspartic proteases called caspases. Apoptosis is crucial for the development of an organism and is immunologically silent due to the containment of intracellular contents which do not elicit inflammation. Necrosis, which is phenotypically different from apoptosis, is considered as a lytic form of unregulated and accidental cell death [1]. However, this phenomenon […]

Role of P53 Protein in DNA Repair Mechanism

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One of the most known tumor suppressors is p53 which has very low concentration because of short half-life time. Reason for this short half-life is E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2. MDM2 is one of the genes regulated by transcription which p53 regulates. Increased p53 levels result also increased of MDM2 transcription rate, followed by this, it results the degradation of the p53 protein, forming an autoregulatory circuit in cells. There are various stress situations that can cause this such as telomere […]

Cardiovascular System Disorders: Heart Disease

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This 63-year-old man’s history revealed that his father that died from a myocardial infarction (MI) which is the result of immediate occlusion of the blood flow to the coronary vessels. The most common causes of death from an MI are decreased cardiac output, fibrillation of the heart, rupture of the heart and pooling of the blood from pulmonary edema which resulted from the increased pressure within the heart. Symptoms presented by the patient are an indication to the healthcare staff […]

Maternal Nutrition and Placental Autophagy

Words: 1980 Pages: 7 3515

Introduction Autophagy is a highly conserved and regulated process that occurs in cells to maintain cellular homeostasis. It is a catalytic process in which cytoplasmic components, such as macromolecules, organelles, and debris, are degraded, thus providing new building block for cellular recycling. Autophagy is also important for promoting cell survival in response to stressful environmental cues. This stress response provides an alternate route for cells during nutrition deprivation, hypoxia, high endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and many others. Nutrition deprivation, hypoxia, […]

Anticancer Drugs and Chemotherapy

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Abstract In the past 50 years cancer treatments have increased the amount of successfully treated cancer patients. Before the 1990s surgery or chemotherapy were the only options. Recently, scientist have discovered qualities of cancer and formed new anti-cancer drugs less harmful to the whole body. These anti-cancer drugs paired with chemotherapy are the current approach to the majority of cancer patients. Each type of cancer behaves differently and consequently must will be treated in a diverse way. The main goal […]

Evaluating P2x7 Receptor & Cdc25 Proteins 14

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P2X7 also known as “purinoceptor” is a famous gene related protein that is found in humans beings and is encoded and related to the P2RX7 gene family. The root of this gene is related to the family of purinoceptors for ATP. In this research paper, we will start by explaining the functional properties of the P2X7 receptor and will study how overexpressing of P2X7 protein receptor is done in HEK293 cells. Moreover, we will discuss on regulation of Cdc25 proteins […]

Glycyrrhetinic Acid Functionalized Graphene Oxide

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Introduction Graphene and graphene oxide Graphene is an ultra-thin single layer of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in a hexagonal lattice. Graphene most common structures are carbon nanotubes (rolled up graphene sheets) and graphite (graphene layers are stacked and held together by weak forces, mainly Van der Vaals) which are becoming more used day by day in all sorts of different applications such as energy storage, thermal applications, mechanical strength and it is starting to develop in biomedicine, […]

Apoptosis Essays