Apoptosis is an important cellular process that allows cells to die in a programmed and organized fashion. This form of programmed cell death is crucial to the stability and equilibrium of living organisms. Such a process is shared amongst vertebrates and invertebrates alike (Miguel-Aliaga et al., 2009). It is easiest to define “normal” development by […]
We as a species are the only ones to grasp an understanding of it through biological, psychological and social aspect. We can view how biology,psychology and social play factors into why are gay ro why they might hide the fact that they are. I will be discussing how this mainly affects male homosexuals in general. […]
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Let an Expert Do ItIntroduction The purpose of this case study is to find out the basic process of mitosis, which focuses on the basic cellular processes that occur during each stages of interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis. Mitosis is the process of cell division. It plays an important part in the life for example to […]
Significance According to 2018 data, an estimated 609,640 people in the United States will die from cancer this year, while approximately 1.7 million new cases of cancer will be diagnosed1. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the US and constitutes approximately 22 percent of deaths1. In addition, cancer creates huge financial burdens […]
Cells are constantly fighting between life and death. It is believed that once cells go through certain incidences, their death is irreversible. Incidences such as, shrinkage, the breakdown of DNA or mitochondria, condensation of the nucleus, as well as activation of caspases. A new ability to replenished cells was recently discovered; it is called anastasis. […]
There are two key processes that occur in nature to obtain energy, they are photosynthesis and cellular respiration. The derivative of the word photosynthesis is the process in which energy of sunlight is converted by plants to store chemical energy in carbohydrate bonds. Photosynthesis is known to be performed by plants, as is cellular respiration. […]
Energy is very important and plays a substantial role in life itself, but where does energy come from and how does energy work? Of course, the answer is simple; Photosynthesis. With this reading you will learn what photosynthesis is and how photosynthesis works as well as the energy it creates and how energy is stored […]
The globular protein caspase-9 initially many not seem very important or significant; it sounds like the ninth of many other caspase proteins. However, this protein plays a vital role in not only the cell’s life cycle, but the life of humans and other mammals as well. Caspase-9 is an enzyme that’s function ultimately leads to […]
Abstract Endothelial dysfunction induced by exposure to high glucose conditions is recognized as one of the earliest events in the pathogenesis of diabetes-related vascular complications. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome protein complex governs the production of interleukin-1? (IL-1?) and interleukin-18 (IL-18), two major proinflammatory cytokines involved in endothelial dysfunction and other diabetic comorbidities. Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) […]
This paper by Shen and collegues describes the role of the HIF-1 gene and the gene’s response to low oxygen levels in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF-1) plays a critical role in being regulating systematic activities. The HIF-1? subunit contains proline residues which, in the presence of high oxygen levels are […]
There has been a question to what the purpose of life is. From a biological perspective, the question can be examined in a very simple fashion. The purpose of life is to reproduce and further the species. In order to do this, the human race must acquire quality mates in order for their best chance […]
Waking up before 6 in general- for most people is dreadful, so imagine being up at 7:00 to sit in a classroom. Fighting to get out of bed early in the morning is a hassle for a lot of people. School starting times are way too early and should be changed to a later times […]
Cells are the basic building blocks of life and make up all living organisms. There are two classifications of cells in every organism called prokaryotes and eukaryotes. A prokaryotic cell composes of single cell organisms like bacteria for example. While, a eukaryotic cell consists of multicellular organisms, the example for that is humans. The human […]
The immune system as a protection against infections from foreign macromolecules or attacks by organisms, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa and parasites. The immune system also plays a role in resistance to body proteins and other molecules such as those that occur in autoimmunity, and against cells that are aerated into tumors. The ability of the […]
Prostate cancer continues to be a major cause of cancer-related death in the male population of the western world even with incidence rates on the rise worldwide. The western world appreciates this increase in new prostate cancer diagnoses each year presumably resulting from their lifestyle and environment (Tian, Guo, Zheng, & Ahmad, 2017). A clear […]
Abstract This research article is about depression. It includes peer reviewed articles, an online website, and video from Ted.com. These resources help better understand depression. It discusses the pathophysiology of the disorder and how chemical imbalances of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine contribute to depression. A holistic approach is necessary to properly treat depression due to […]
Function and Structure of PKB PKB contains three isoforms with catalytic domains similar to those in the AGC kinase family. PKB? was initially discovered through homology cloning and the similar appearance of its kinase domain resembled that of protein kinase A and C therefore it was named protein kinase B (PKB). It has two family […]
Apoptosis goes on in each living thing. It shapes the beginning life form of every animal and is behind the huge adjustments of caterpillars into butterflies and tadpoles into frogs. Some plant cells moreover deliberately execute themselves, for example, to stop an assaulting parasitic or bacterial tainting spreading. In run of the mill tissues there […]
Apoptosis is a form of preprogrammed cell death. It can occur if DNA is too damaged or if a cell is infected and cannot complete its function anymore. There are two pathways to trigger cell death. The extrinsic pathway begins the process through external ligand binding. The intrinsic pathway begins by releasing mitochondrial proteins into […]
Apoptosis is an event in which a cell is programmed and specifically sentenced to death. It happens naturally in the body. Apoptosis in greek means to fall off, and that’s one way to think about it. It’s as if one, or a few chosen cells are falling off a cliff, while the rest keep working. […]
At a cellular basis, cancer cells are not that different from normal cells. In fact, from a biological view point cancer cells originate from normal cells. The features of a cancer cell; such as migrating away from its origin point, mutating and replicating itself, evading cell death and providing itself with a supply of oxygen […]
Apoptosis remains the most vital part of normal and abnormal cells. A defect in apoptosis is considered to be the main cause of cancer. The literature is full of studies investigating the reason for defective apoptosis that can be due to defect in the apoptotic pathway, such as enhanced mutation of genes, inactivation of death […]
Viruses are pathogens which have harmful effects on bodies. The body has different methods to eliminate them from the body. But some viruses have evasion mechanisms through which they can counteract the effects of the body. They can suppress the effects of the body and survive and propagate in the body. Viruses interact with eukaryotic […]
The book “Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks” is a true book of her life experience written by American writer Rebecca Skloot. The book examines Henrietta Lacks, a poor tobacco rancher from the Southern US, whose cervical disease cells were gathered in 1951. Henrietta never knew that she was being so generous .Without her understanding or […]
Lymphoma cell models. Abstract The induction of DNA-double-strand-breaks (DSB) is a hallmark of radiation induced cytotoxicity. Upon induction of DSBs, the cellular DNA repair machinery detects these lesions and activates signaling cascades which induce the repair of DSBs. A key component in DNA repair is the histone protein H2AX, which becomes rapidly phosphorylated on a […]
The induction of DNA-double-strand-breaks (DSB) is a hallmark of radiation induced cytotoxicity. Upon induction of DSBs, the cellular DNA repair machinery detects these lesions and activates signaling cascades which induce the repair of DSBs. A key component in DNA repair is the histone protein H2AX, which becomes rapidly phosphorylated on a serine four residues from […]
Abstract: Haemoglobinopathies are the commonest single gene disorders in the world, which result in anaemia due to premature destruction of red cells. Defective globin chain renders the cells vulnerable to oxidative damage. Such anaemic state can only be corrected by regular transfusion of blood. The only way to reduce the transfusional load, is through salvaging […]
One of the most known tumor suppressors is p53 which has very low concentration because of short half-life time. Reason for this short half-life is E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2. MDM2 is one of the genes regulated by transcription which p53 regulates. Increased p53 levels result also increased of MDM2 transcription rate, followed by this, it […]
The basic concepts regarding the interactions between magnetic nanoparticles and a static or time-varying external magnetic field were reviewed. How these pertain to current biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles were also analyzed. The focus was in particular on magnetic separation and drug delivery. Although these are only two of the many biomedical applications of magnetic […]
Abstract The induction of DNA-double-strand-breaks (DSB) is a hallmark of radiation induced cytotoxicity. Upon induction of DSBs, the cellular DNA repair machinery detects these lesions and activates signaling cascades which induce the repair of DSBs. A key component in DNA repair is the histone protein H2AX, which becomes rapidly phosphorylated on a serine four residues […]
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