Biotechnology Essay Examples - Free Research Papers on PapersOwl.com

Photosynthesis Vs. Cellular Respiration the Major Processess in a Global Balance

Words: 1454 Pages: 5 6566

There are two key processes that occur in nature to obtain energy, they are photosynthesis and cellular respiration. The derivative of the word photosynthesis is the process in which energy of sunlight is converted by plants to store chemical energy in carbohydrate bonds. Photosynthesis is known to be performed by plants, as is cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is organisms obtaining energy from a conversation that releases energy when oxygen is present. These two processes work together hand in hand as […]

Are GMO Foods Better than Organic Foods

Words: 638 Pages: 2 8709

When we talk about GMO a lot of people might think that GMO(genetic modified organism) is used in animal or human, but today I will talk about the use of GMO on the plant. A lot of people think that GMO is not safe for eat because you are changing a DNA/gene of the plant and our body might not recognize the food that we had eaten. Another group of people refuses to buy GMO labeled foods. This cost a […]

Death of Eukaryotic Cell

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“In physiological settings, intrinsic genetic programs allow eukaryotic cells to commit suicide in a regulated manner. The best studied programmed cell death is apoptosis which is regulated by cysteine-aspartic proteases called caspases. Apoptosis is crucial for the development of an organism and is immunologically silent due to the containment of intracellular contents which do not elicit inflammation. Necrosis, which is phenotypically different from apoptosis, is considered as a lytic form of unregulated and accidental cell death [1]. However, this phenomenon […]

Innate Immune Recognition of DNA

Words: 598 Pages: 2 3862

The cGAS is an innate immune sensor that detects double-stranded DNA. Detection of foreign DNA is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that alerts the host immune system to mount a defense response to pathogen infections. But, there is also a challenging side for the host that how they distinguish the foreign DNA with the much abundant self genome. The presence of self or foreign DNA in the cytoplasm is sensed by eukaryotic cells as a danger signal or a sign of […]

The Tumor Suppressor Role of TAp73 in Two Types of Cancer

Words: 1728 Pages: 6 3910

Transcription factor of p53 initiates apoptosis after receiving information about metabolic disorder or genetic damage, thus playing a critical role as tumor suppressor. p73 is a cousin of p53, shares lots of similarities with p53 including gene structure and amino acid level. Therefore, p73 is able to activate some p53 target genes by binding to p53-responsive elements when p53 is impaired. Also, p73 is rarely mutant compared to p53 in tumor cells. Whether p73 plays a role in tumor suppressor […]

Intracellular Role of Apoptosis in In-Vivo Reactions Occurring in Multi-Cellular Organisms

Words: 1948 Pages: 6 3682

There are two well-known methods of cell execution namely: Apoptosis and Necrosis. Whereas necrosis is regarded as a violent form of cell death, apoptosis on the other hand, is a more benign, modulated and rational mode of killing cells which involves making well-informed decisions about selected cells to be terminated for the greater good of the host organisms. The advantages associated with the use of apoptosis as a regulated manner of programmed cell execution are well documented in literature and […]

The Reason why i Want to be a Biomedical Engineer

Words: 571 Pages: 2 4200

Ever since I can remember, I have been absolutely terrified of choosing what job I will do for the rest of my life. I think most people would agree with me if I said that eighteen years old is a little too young for deciding what career pathway to invest thousands of dollars, four years, and millions of tears. I’m already sixteen years old and I’ve gotten as far as narrowing it down to a career in math and science. […]

What is Cisplatin?

Words: 800 Pages: 3 3523

Cisplatin is a “chemotherapeutic agent” which can bind with DNA covalently with the purine base mainly guanine in a cross link that leads to transcription inhibition, arrest cell cycle and causes apoptotic effect27. Cisplatin is responsible of production of reactive oxygen species28 Absorption of cisplatin into the nucleus DNA, binding two adjacent guanines in the same DNA strand causing an inhibition of DNA synthesis and death of the cell 29. In addition, Programmed cell death or apoptosis has been associated […]

Globular Protein – Caspase-9 Enzyme

Words: 1667 Pages: 6 3755

The globular protein caspase-9 initially many not seem very important or significant; it sounds like the ninth of many other caspase proteins. However, this protein plays a vital role in not only the cell’s life cycle, but the life of humans and other mammals as well. Caspase-9 is an enzyme that’s function ultimately leads to cell degradation and apoptosis. This protein is a member of the peptidase family C14, and is encoded by the CASP9 gene located on the short […]

GMO in Foods

Words: 627 Pages: 2 5505

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is a reasonably well-known concept. This experimental technology modifies DNA from different species, including plants, animals, and bacteria, to create a longer lasting food product. Many people are not aware of the adverse side effects GMOs can cause to the body (“What are GMOs?”). Although it might be a solution to creating an abundance of food production, GMOs are harmful to the environment and increases the risk of health problems on the consumers (Baetens). The purpose […]

Evaluating P2x7 Receptor & Cdc25 Proteins 14

Words: 2199 Pages: 7 3357

P2X7 also known as “purinoceptor” is a famous gene related protein that is found in humans beings and is encoded and related to the P2RX7 gene family. The root of this gene is related to the family of purinoceptors for ATP. In this research paper, we will start by explaining the functional properties of the P2X7 receptor and will study how overexpressing of P2X7 protein receptor is done in HEK293 cells. Moreover, we will discuss on regulation of Cdc25 proteins […]

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Leukocytes from PCOS

Words: 677 Pages: 2 3801

Mitochondrial dysfunction in leukocytes from PCOS women with insulin resistance was evident by a decrease in mitochondria oxygen (O2) consumption; an increase in ROS production, oxidized gluthathione/glutathione ratio and TNF? levels and decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential along with the defect in activity of complex I of mitochondria which may be responsible for observed oxidative stress in these PCOS women [72]. Further PCOS women with IR showed impaired endothelium and mitochondrial dysfunction in leukocytes along with increase in inflammatory markers […]

About Senescent Cells

Words: 1850 Pages: 6 4065

Senescent cells are somatic cells, other than reproductive cells, that can no longer divide, but are resistant to apoptosis (Scudellari, 2017). Although these cells have no use, they do not die off, which gives them their trivial name of “zombie cells”. Zombie cells can exist in various parts of the body, and they all have their own specific resistance to apoptosis, express different extracellular proteins, and secrete different variations of molecules such as cytokines (Scudellari, 2017). This senescence secretion activity […]

Estrogen, a Steroid Hormone

Words: 1461 Pages: 5 4084

Estrogen, a steroid hormone, produced by the ovaries, has been the focus of research for its neurobehavioral and physiological properties. Estrogen has many different functions besides its well documented roles in reproductive development and sexual differentiation (Vrtacnik et al 2014). For example, the importance of estrogen becomes apparently clear during menopause when the endogenous levels of estrogen are drastically reduced. It is during this period that the reduction in estrogen leads to potentially damaging consequences to cardiovascular function and bone […]

How Cells Cheat Death

Words: 633 Pages: 2 4454

Cells are constantly fighting between life and death. It is believed that once cells go through certain incidences, their death is irreversible. Incidences such as, shrinkage, the breakdown of DNA or mitochondria, condensation of the nucleus, as well as activation of caspases. A new ability to replenished cells was recently discovered; it is called anastasis. Anastasis is a natural cell recovery that rescues cells from the brink of death (Tang, 2018). Its purpose is to save cells that are challenging […]

What is UV Light?

Words: 1463 Pages: 5 3999

“The visual system is arguably the most important sense that humans have in order to navigate the world around them. The eyes are highly susceptible to UV light, making them a prime target for free radical oxidation of both lipids and proteins, causing cell damage and eventually, cell death. One such disease caused by UV light exposure is called age related macular degeneration (AMD), which is the most common cause of blindness in the United States. This disease is complicated […]

Social and Ethical Implications of GMO’s

Words: 554 Pages: 2 6721

There are biotechnology debates about genetically modified organisms in society and can be illustrated with the serious conflict between two groups that are voicing possible benefits and possible drawbacks to GMOs. First, are the Agricultural biotech companies that provide tools to farmers to yield bigger better crops but in the most cost-effective way, also known as Agri-biotech. Agri-biotech investors and their affiliated scientists versus the independent scientists, environmentalists, farmers, and consumers (Maghari 1). On one hand, you have the Agri-biotech […]

Personalized Medicine in Health Related Industries

Words: 3438 Pages: 11 4406

“In 1997, a Nature Biotechnology article reported how the advances made in genomics have been building a foundation for a future of personalized medicines where produced drugs are focused for the individual rather than the “average person.” Over the years in health related industries, personalized medicine has become a powerful term that brings forth a depiction of a medical revolution that graduates from a “one size fits all” approach to one that factors in predictions of disease, diagnosis and treatment […]

Role of P53 Protein in DNA Repair Mechanism

Words: 680 Pages: 2 4115

One of the most known tumor suppressors is p53 which has very low concentration because of short half-life time. Reason for this short half-life is E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2. MDM2 is one of the genes regulated by transcription which p53 regulates. Increased p53 levels result also increased of MDM2 transcription rate, followed by this, it results the degradation of the p53 protein, forming an autoregulatory circuit in cells. There are various stress situations that can cause this such as telomere […]

What is Viruses?

Words: 1893 Pages: 6 3834

Viruses are pathogens which have harmful effects on bodies. The body has different methods to eliminate them from the body. But some viruses have evasion mechanisms through which they can counteract the effects of the body. They can suppress the effects of the body and survive and propagate in the body. Viruses interact with eukaryotic cells which causes the selection of genes which can block viral replication and propagation. Some viruses suppress apoptotic and necroptotic pathways. Some of them have […]

Potential Mechanisms for Cancer Resistance in Elephants and Comparativage in Humans

Words: 687 Pages: 2 4042

It is expected that cancer risk would increase with body size and life span. Peto’s paradox describes the lack of correlation between body size, life span, and cancer risk (Caulin, 2011). The cellular mechanism behind this has only been experimentally demonstrated in rodents. TP53 is a gene that codes for the p53 protein. This gene is vital in tumor suppression, and is mutated in many human cancers (Jiang, 2018). Humans have one copy (2 alleles) of this gene. Both alleles […]

Research Paper: Genetically Modified Organisms

Words: 1989 Pages: 7 5811

Genetically modified organisms, otherwise referred to as GMOs, is a highly debated and researched topic throughout the world, however, highly prevalent in the United States today. It is plant, animals, or other organism in which their genetic makeup has been altered or modified by either genetic engineering or transgenic technology. GMOs are used either in the medical field or agriculturally, looking to cure diseases and create vaccines or attempt to get the healthiest or highest profit out a product. Prior […]

Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase

Words: 835 Pages: 3 3583

cGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase) has a dsDNA-binding domain that can sense cytosolic DNA and catalyze the production of second messenger, cGAMP (cyclic GMP-AMP dinucleotide). This further binds to and activates ER-localised adapter protein STING (stimulator of interferon genes) that induces type I IFN (IFN? or IFN?) via TBK1-IRF3 signalling. After their secretion, type I IFNs bind to the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) in an autocrine as well as paracrine manner. This signal induces the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) […]

Analysis of the Role of the HIF-1

Words: 1458 Pages: 5 4069

This paper by Shen and collegues describes the role of the HIF-1 gene and the gene’s response to low oxygen levels in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF-1) plays a critical role in being regulating systematic activities. The HIF-1? subunit contains proline residues which, in the presence of high oxygen levels are hydroxylated by oxygen dependent enzymes. The hydroxylation of proline in the LXXLAP motif in the HIF-1? subunit increases its ability to bind to the von […]

Potential Cancer Resistance

Words: 296 Pages: 1 3961

Cancer proliferation is characterized by uncontrolled and unregulated cell growth resulting in tumors. In theory, as the size of organism increases there are more cells developing and dividing meaning that this is an increased probability of cancer development. Although, this response is theorized this is not what actually occurs, but why this trend is observed remains poorly understood. The present study aimed to understand these mechanisms of cancer suppression in large, vertebrate mammals in hopes of gaining insight to human […]

RIP3, an Energy Metabolism Regulator

Words: 628 Pages: 2 3850

That Switches TNF-Induced Cell Death from Apoptosis to Necrosis describes steps that led to the discovery of protein kinase receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3), a molecular switch that changes TNF-induced cell death from Apoptosis to Necrosis. Necrosis is a caspase independent cell death induced in the presence of caspase inhibitor zVAD and simulation of TNF. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is an inflammatory cytokine that induces necrotic cell death as well as transcription factor activation and inflammatory and immunological responses. It brings […]

Toxic Effects of Acrylamide in Potatoes

Words: 360 Pages: 1 3697

Potatoes and potatoes by-products are consumed as food by a large number of people around the globe. One of the steroidal glycoalkaloids found in potatoes, alpha-solanine (?-solanine), is naturally present and has both toxic and anticarcinogenic properties. Another potato secondary metabolite, acrylamide (AA) also known as 2-Propenamide, is found in a variety of consumer foods cooked at higher temperatures. Acrylamide has been shown to induce neurotoxic and reproductive toxic effects. In this study, minimal doses of ?-solanine and ?-solanine and […]

A Review on Pharmacological and Analytical Aspects of Diosgenin

Words: 661 Pages: 2 3944

The author declared that diosgenin, restrain STAT3 signaling way leading to inhibition of multiplication and chemosensitization of liver tumor cells (31). Overexpression of active STAT3 release diosgenin tempt apoptosis. Moreover, Diosgenin causes the aggregation of the cells in the G1 stage of the cell cycle and Diosgenin trigger caspase-3 and causes PARP cleavage in HCC [31]. Diosgenin reduced the expression of the STAT3-regulated gene including Bcl-2, Mcl-1, cyclin D1, Bcl-2, and VEGF. It likewise led to the elimination of proliferation, […]

Frontiers in Pharmacology

Words: 1277 Pages: 4 3410

Summary of Research Method Applied In Vitro Studies : give us some useful information about the effects of Bryostatin-1 on the mechanisms involved in MS such as oxidative stress . Explanation ; Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the ability of the body to counteract or detoxify their harmful effects through neutralization by antioxidants. The viability tests : Explanation; is an assay to determine the ability of organs, cells or tissues to maintain or […]

Interactions between Magnetic Nanoparticles and a Static Magnetic Field

Words: 291 Pages: 1 3791

“In this presentation, it reviewed some basic concepts regarding the interactions between magnetic nanoparticles and a static or time-varying external magnetic field, and shown how these pertain to current biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles. The focus was in particular on magnetic separation, and drug delivery, although these are only two of the many biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles that are currently being explored. For example, magnetic twisting cytometry, a process in which ferromagnetic microspheres are bound to specific receptors on […]

Biotechnology Essays