Most people have wished to be famous at least once in their lives or wondered what it would be like. Fame is one is of the most alluring drugs in modern day society but, is it a blessing or a curse? Mental breakdowns among celebrities have become so common that society has become numb to it but, what is their cause? Fame is often associated with power and wealth but, what are the down sides of celebrity? Is it true […]
“For centuries, our benefactor, the Honey bee, has served a significant role in the life of humans. Honey bees have both fascinated and healed humans in a multitude of ways. In the Upper Paleolithic period, some 25000 years ago, art crafted by the hands of man upon rocks illustrate our ancestors collecting their golden nectar [4]. Waxy residues and traces of honey have been detected on a multitude of shards of Stone Age pottery [3]. Evidence left by our Neolithic […]
Millions have been affected by this disease and numerous people remain unaware that they are HIV positive. This is frightening especially considering how advanced our country is in the medical field. Prevention and education are a major way to slow HIV spreading and increasing awareness will help with the pandemic. As seen with drugs like Narcan which helps counteract an opioid overdose, laws can be put in place to help people. Getting the preventative measures like pre-exposure prophylaxis or “”PrEP […]
“In physiological settings, intrinsic genetic programs allow eukaryotic cells to commit suicide in a regulated manner. The best studied programmed cell death is apoptosis which is regulated by cysteine-aspartic proteases called caspases. Apoptosis is crucial for the development of an organism and is immunologically silent due to the containment of intracellular contents which do not elicit inflammation. Necrosis, which is phenotypically different from apoptosis, is considered as a lytic form of unregulated and accidental cell death [1]. However, this phenomenon […]
A major source of many diseases in humans can be traced back to oxidative stress (Uttara, Singh, Zamboni, Mahajan, n.d) Diseases like cancer, arthritis, chronic inflammation and many others (Uttara et al, n.d). There are many different sources of oxidative stress which are simply unavoidable such as, polluted air, sunlight, some foods, and many more (Betteridge, 2000). So the best solution to deal with oxidative stress is countering as much of our intake of it as possible with foods high […]
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Place orderHumans are exposed with microbes that contain a vast array of allergenic substances that threaten normal homeostasis. Therefore, immune system is important to defend body from pathogens. It is eliminating pathological microbes and toxic or allergenic proteins, but at the same time it must avoid responses that produce excessive damage of self-tissues or that might eliminate beneficial, commensal microbes. A general feature of the immune system is that its mechanisms that rely on detecting structural features of the pathogen or […]
The symptoms of asthma include chest pain, tightness of the chest, shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. These symptoms are caused by the constriction of the airways and excess mucus production. Asthma symptoms vary in each person; some may experience symptoms only while exercising, while others experience symptoms every day (Mayo Clinic Staff). Therefore, in some people asthma is a major problem that seriously impacts their life, while in others it is just a minor problem. A physician will commonly […]
The Immune system is a structure of body safeguarding to protect human body from antigens such as infectious and venomous agents . This system concedes, processes, and then eliminates antigens. Based on the descriptions and memory, the immune system deterrent is categorized into two which are the innate and adaptive immunity. The coordination and development of the well-adjusted mechanism to obliterate the pathogens are both shared by both of the systems. Particular elements acclimate themselves to each and every classes […]
According to the Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health, Sepsis is a systemic infection that spreads rapidly through the bloodstream and body tissues. Sepsis develops as a result of a massive immune response to bacterial infection that begins as a localized infection, but then spreads into the bloodstream. (Oberleitner & Culvert, 2018) Normal immune and physiologic responses eradicate pathogens, and the pathophysiology of sepsis is due to the inappropriate regulation of these normal reactions (Stearns-Kurosawa, Osuchowski, Valentine & Remick, […]
The article under review examines the acceleration of inflammation and growth of prostate tumor metastasis in bone due to apoptosis-induced CXCL5. Tumor cell death, which can be increased by target therapies, causes immense efferocytosis to clear the apoptotic cells. It is thought that this can lead to accelerated tumor growth. The scope of this research article is limited to prostate cancer cells and the proinflammatory cytokine, CKCL5 along with other variants. This article will exclude other ways of metastasis of […]
It is spread worldwide and the number is increasing among races. According to the Center for Disease Control Black/African Americans account for a higher proportion of new HIV diagnoses, those living with HIV, and those who have ever received an AIDS diagnosis, compared to other races/ ethnicities. The disease can be challenging and contribute to mortality if left untreated. In 2016, African American accounted for 44% of HIV diagnoses though they comprise 12% of the U.S. population. The issues that […]
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) plays a crucial role in immune tolerance and diminution of their homeostatic balance causes autoimmunity. Tregs are generated in the thymus (Natural Tregs) and contribute a major portion of the peripheral Treg pool where they suppress self-reactive effector T-cell response. Thymic Treg development occurs in two phases i) In TCR-dependent phase where thymocytes expressing high-affinity T-cell Receptors (TCR) give rise to CD4+CD25-FoxP3low and CD4+CD25+FoxP3- Treg progenitors, ii) In the second TCR-independent phase thymic Treg progenitors gain […]
Children’s obesity has tripled during recent years, and twenty-five percent of the people affected by it are under nineteen years of age, and that’s according to a study made by Green Planet (the largest independent publishing platform that focuses on sustainable food, animal welfare issues, environmental protection, and green living and the biggest plant-based food and recipe site). Fast food and poor eating regimen are the primary explanations for the ascent of the weight rates. Individuals connect to fast food […]
The cGAS is an innate immune sensor that detects double-stranded DNA. Detection of foreign DNA is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that alerts the host immune system to mount a defense response to pathogen infections. But, there is also a challenging side for the host that how they distinguish the foreign DNA with the much abundant self genome. The presence of self or foreign DNA in the cytoplasm is sensed by eukaryotic cells as a danger signal or a sign of […]
Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) is a complex chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of unknown cause, characterized by a variety of autoantibodies that attack self-components but mostly characterized by autoantibodies that attack nuclear antigens (McCance & Huether, 2014). Explain why the pathology is a possibility for this patient. Why do the clinical manifestations this patient has make you consider the pathophysiological problem? SLE is a chronic inflammatory disease that can attack any organ system but often attacks the joints, […]
Viruses are pathogens which have harmful effects on bodies. The body has different methods to eliminate them from the body. But some viruses have evasion mechanisms through which they can counteract the effects of the body. They can suppress the effects of the body and survive and propagate in the body. Viruses interact with eukaryotic cells which causes the selection of genes which can block viral replication and propagation. Some viruses suppress apoptotic and necroptotic pathways. Some of them have […]
Abstract Signal transducer and activators of transcription (STAT) protein are cytoplasmic transcription factor that have been known for cell tumor proliferation, survival, invasion, apoptosis and immune response. Each of these STAT family protein have a role and function when they are interacting with the cell in the human body. Among all of the STAT family protein the most important one is the STAT3. STAT3 is involved with many diseases as well as cancer. And the involvement it has with it […]
The newly identified Pro-Cro Virus has recently been discovered in Amherst, Massachusetts, where it originated from. This virus can infect all animal life forms, but it only affects complex-brained mammals and is almost inclusive to humans only. Its natural habitat is a small swamp known as Procrastination Station where the humid environment and watery patches became a perfect place for the virus to reproduce and build in numbers. Scientist believed the pathogen began to spread worldwide thousands of years ago […]
Maternal immune activation (MIA) is correlated with the development of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). It is also suspected that autism may be a disease involving the gut’s impact on the immune and nervous systems3. Viral infection in women during pregnancy is correlated with a higher frequency of ASD in their offspring1. To investigate this correlation, poly (I:C), a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), is injected intraperitoneally in rodents to model human MIA1-4. Studies with this model found that pregnant mice subjected […]
cGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase) has a dsDNA-binding domain that can sense cytosolic DNA and catalyze the production of second messenger, cGAMP (cyclic GMP-AMP dinucleotide). This further binds to and activates ER-localised adapter protein STING (stimulator of interferon genes) that induces type I IFN (IFN? or IFN?) via TBK1-IRF3 signalling. After their secretion, type I IFNs bind to the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) in an autocrine as well as paracrine manner. This signal induces the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) […]
The immune system as a protection against infections from foreign macromolecules or attacks by organisms, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa and parasites. The immune system also plays a role in resistance to body proteins and other molecules such as those that occur in autoimmunity, and against cells that are aerated into tumors. The ability of the immune system to differentiate components of body cells from components of foreign pathogens will sustain the mandate it carries to respond to pathogenic infections, both […]
Introduction/Epidemiology A diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), is a malignant tumor of the pons of the brainstem that originates in the supportive tissue called the glia. Specifically, these tumors are diffuse astrocytomas meaning that the tumor develops from astroglial cells of the brain stem. This tumor accounts for about 10%-20% of all brain tumors in children and roughly 80% of the 300-400 pediatric brainstem tumors that are diagnosed each year. The majority of children who develop this tumor type are […]
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