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Traditional Chinese Medicine Essay

Introduction Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a type of holistic, natural health care system with its origin deeply rooted in the ancient philosophy of Taoism. The practice of TCM dates back more than 2500 years and it is regarded as one of the oldest forms of medicines. Chinese herbal medicines are a very important component of TCM, which also includes other mind and body practices like acupuncture, moxibustion (burning an herb above the skin to apply heat to acupuncture points), […]

The Immune System – Immunity

The immune system is a structure of bodily safeguards that protect the human body from antigens such as infectious and venomous agents. This system recognizes, processes, and then eliminates antigens. Based on descriptions and memory, the immune system deterrence is categorized into two types: innate and adaptive immunity. The coordination and development of a well-adjusted mechanism to obliterate pathogens are shared by both systems. Specific elements acclimate themselves to each new class of illness encountered and are hence able to […]

Diseases are Associated with Cell Death

Regulation of cell death is vital for development, pathogenesis, and homeostasis. Both acute and chronic diseases are associated with excessive cell death, which results in tissue damage. Caspase-dependent apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death implicated in both normal and disease pathogenesis. Ferroptosis is distinct from other cell death modalities based on morphological, biochemical, and genetic criteria. Ferroptosis is a pathogenic programmed cell death characterized by the iron-mediated production of toxic lipid hydroperoxides. This unique form of cell death […]

Magnetism in Nanomaterials

The basic concepts regarding the interactions between magnetic nanoparticles and a static or time-varying external magnetic field were reviewed. We also analyzed how these pertain to the current biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles, focusing particularly on magnetic separation and drug delivery. However, these are only two of the many biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles currently being explored. The main mechanism involves the oscillatory movement of ferromagnetic ions in magnetic twisting cytometry. This process involves binding ferromagnetic microspheres to specific receptors […]

A Treatment of Different Cancer Diseases

As a treatment of different cancer diseases, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are used on patients. Unfortunately radiotherapy may cause dangerous effects. Investigating these effects and determinations of risk reliable research. It is shown that IR's most dangerous effect in cells are DBSs and that monitoring ?-H2AX focus numbers were useful biomarker to detect the invidual ionizing radiation (IR) effect on cells. Since the ?-H2AX was detected as a sensitive perceptible method for in vivo determination of DSBs, it was used in […]

Stomach Cancer Research Paper

Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world (1). In the United States, 22220 new gastric cancer patients are diagnosed each year, of which up to 10990 are expected to die (2). Among the cancer deaths up to the 1980s, gastric cancer ranked second after lung cancer and the incidence decreased in the last decade (3). One reason for this decline was the identification of H.pylori infection and some dietary and environmental risk factors (4). In this […]

Accelerated Inflammation and Cancer Metastases

Background Prostate cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer that can metastasize to the bone. The mechanism of how cancer cells break away from their primary origin and travel through the bloodstream to the bone is a process that is still unclear to many scientists (“Bone Metastasis,” 2018). Once cancer cells reach the bone, they become a part of an environment where it is easy for the cells to become mobile, proliferate, and differentiate to proinflammatory cells. […]

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Leukocytes from PCOS

Mitochondrial dysfunction in leukocytes from PCOS women with insulin resistance was evident by a decrease in mitochondria oxygen (O2) consumption. This was indicated by an increase in ROS production, the oxidized glutathione/glutathione ratio, and TNF? levels, as well as a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. Additionally, a defect was observed in the activity of complex I of the mitochondria, which may contribute to the oxidative stress evident in these PCOS women [72]. Furthermore, PCOS women with IR exhibited impaired endothelium […]

Molecular Mechanisms of Acute Myeloid Leukemia and AML Treatments

Cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma are hematologic diseases that affect millions of Americans each year. Specifically, acute myeloid leukemia, which is also known as AML, is considered to be one of the most frequently occurring types of leukemia and is a major cause of mortality in the United States. Acute myeloid leukemia is infamous for being challenging to treat, due to the capability of the cells forming resistance to treatment. Therefore, it is critical to understand the molecular mechanisms […]

Aminoglycoside-Induced Hair Cell Death and Potential Therapies

Introduction Hearing loss is the third most common disorder in the United States, being more prevalent than diabetes or cancer (Blackwell et al., 2014). Our ability to hear is dependent on hair cells that can translate the sounds we hear into electrical impulses that can be interpreted by the brain. When sound waves enter the cochlea located in the inner ear, they deflect the apical portion of hair cells, also known as stereocilia. Stereocilia are connected to one another via […]

Degradation of Glycogen and Necrotic Cell Death

PYGL (glycogen phosphorylase) catalyzes degradation of glycogen and therefore allows it to be used as an energy source. The researchers were unable to obtain PYGL antibodies to further study the RIP3/PYGL interaction in necrosis. However, the interaction was induced by TNF but not zVAD. They incubated flag RIP3 missing glutathione S-transferase, which did not enhance PYGL activity and could only determine that RIP3 activates PYGL. They measured PYGL activity in N cells, RIP1 knockdown and RIP3 knockdown without and without […]

What is Viruses?

Viruses are pathogens which have harmful effects on bodies. The body has different methods to eliminate them from the body. But some viruses have evasion mechanisms through which they can counteract the effects of the body. They can suppress the effects of the body and survive and propagate in the body. Viruses interact with eukaryotic cells which causes the selection of genes which can block viral replication and propagation. Some viruses suppress apoptotic and necroptotic pathways. Some of them have […]

Interactions between Magnetic Nanoparticles and a Static Magnetic Field

"In this presentation, we reviewed some basic concepts regarding the interactions between magnetic nanoparticles and a static or time-varying external magnetic field. We showed how these pertain to current biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles. The focus was, in particular, on magnetic separation and drug delivery, although these are only two of the many biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles currently being explored. For example, there's magnetic twisting cytometry, a process in which ferromagnetic microspheres are bound to specific receptors on a […]

Estrogen, a Steroid Hormone

Our results extend previous observations describing estrogen's neuroprotective effects. A previous study suggested that the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone worked differently as neuroprotective agents. It provided data for a role of testosterone as a neuroprotective hormone in neurons. When looking at how they regulate protease activity, their results show that testosterone and dihydrotestosterone inhibited calpain activation and the generation of the 17-kDa tau fragment, but did not work on caspase-3 activation and tau truncation at Asp421 as estrogen did. […]

Evaluating P2x7 Receptor & Cdc25 Proteins 14

P2X7 also known as “purinoceptor” is a famous gene related protein that is found in humans beings and is encoded and related to the P2RX7 gene family. The root of this gene is related to the family of purinoceptors for ATP. In this research paper, we will start by explaining the functional properties of the P2X7 receptor and will study how overexpressing of P2X7 protein receptor is done in HEK293 cells. Moreover, we will discuss on regulation of Cdc25 proteins […]

Immunity – Humans are Exposed with Microbes

Humans are exposed to microbes that contain a vast array of allergenic substances, threatening normal homeostasis. Therefore, the immune system is important to defend the body from pathogens. It eliminates pathological microbes and toxic or allergenic proteins, but it must avoid responses that cause excessive damage to self-tissues or potentially eliminate beneficial commensal microbes. A general feature of the immune system is that its mechanisms rely on detecting structural features of the pathogen or toxin that mark it as distinct […]

Harmful Side Effects of Synthetic Drugs

Literature shows that synthetic drugs are more expensive and known to have harmful side effects compared to natural drugs. This fact simply advocates the economic benefit that it's cheaper to extract the phytochemicals from medicinal plants, rather than using expensive laboratory chemicals.   Medicinal plants are commonly used for the treatment of various diseases because they are considered to be advantageous. Medicinal plants contain numerous phytochemicals with potential biological activities that have been identified. Oxidative stress and inflammation are primarily […]

Biology and Signaling Alterations in AD

The Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinases (ROCKs) are ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinases that are downstream effectors of the RhoA GTPase (Ishizaki et al., 1996b; Leung et al., 1996a; Leung et al., 1995a; Matsui et al., 1996a; Nakagawa et al., 1996a; Schackmann et al., 2011). ROCKs are key regulators of the actomyosin cytoskeleton dynamics, as well as neuronal morphology and synaptic plasticity (Schubert and Dotti, 2007). The two ROCK homologs (ROCK1 and ROCK2) share high homology in their kinase domains (92%) and […]

RIP3, an Energy Metabolism Regulator

That Switches TNF-Induced Cell Death from Apoptosis to Necrosis describes steps that led to the discovery of protein kinase receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3), a molecular switch that changes TNF-induced cell death from Apoptosis to Necrosis. Necrosis is a caspase independent cell death induced in the presence of caspase inhibitor zVAD and simulation of TNF. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is an inflammatory cytokine that induces necrotic cell death as well as transcription factor activation and inflammatory and immunological responses. It brings […]

A Form of Preprogrammed Cell Death

Apoptosis is a form of preprogrammed cell death. It can occur if DNA is too damaged or if a cell is infected and cannot complete its function anymore. There are two pathways to trigger cell death. The extrinsic pathway begins the process through external ligand binding. The intrinsic pathway begins by releasing mitochondrial proteins into the cell. Both pathways lead to the cell diminishing in size before beginning to break apart. Once this happens, adjacent cells and macrophages take in […]

Globular Protein – Caspase-9 Enzyme

The globular protein caspase-9 may initially not seem very important or significant, as it sounds like the ninth of many other caspase proteins. However, this protein plays a vital role, not only in the cell’s life cycle but also in the life of humans and other mammals. Caspase-9 is an enzyme whose function ultimately leads to cell degradation and apoptosis. This protein is a member of the peptidase family C14, and is encoded by the CASP9 gene located on the […]

What is UV Light?

"The visual system is arguably the most important sense that humans have in order to navigate the world around them. The eyes are highly susceptible to UV light, making them a prime target for free radical oxidation of both lipids and proteins, causing cell damage and eventually, cell death. One such disease caused by UV light exposure is called age related macular degeneration (AMD), which is the most common cause of blindness in the United States. This disease is complicated […]

Research on PCOS Women

A Brief Review of Prostate Adenocarcinoma

Prostate cancer continues to be a major cause of cancer-related death in the male population of the western world, even with incidence rates on the rise worldwide. This increase in new prostate cancer diagnoses each year in the western world is presumably resulting from their lifestyle and environment (Tian, Guo, Zheng, & Ahmad, 2017). A clear clinical diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma rests in the hands of a pathologist following a needle biopsy. It often depends on the absence of the […]

Unveiling the Complex World of the Immune System

The immune system as a protection against infections from foreign macromolecules or attacks by organisms, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa and parasites. The immune system also plays a role in resistance to body proteins and other molecules such as those that occur in autoimmunity, and against cells that are aerated into tumors. The ability of the immune system to differentiate components of body cells from components of foreign pathogens will sustain the mandate it carries to respond to pathogenic infections, both […]

A Review on Pharmacological and Analytical Aspects of Diosgenin

The author declared that diosgenin restrains STAT3 signaling pathways, leading to inhibition of multiplication and chemosensitization of liver tumor cells (31). Overexpression of active STAT3 releases diosgenin, tempted to induce apoptosis. Moreover, diosgenin causes the aggregation of cells in the G1 stage of the cell cycle and triggers caspase-3, causing PARP cleavage in HCC [31]. Diosgenin reduces the expression of STAT3-regulated genes including Bcl-2, Mcl-1, cyclin D1, Bcl-2, and VEGF. It also suppresses proliferation, enhances cell accumulation in the G1/G0 […]

About the Cellular Basis of Cancer

At a cellular basis, cancer cells are not that different from normal cells. In fact, from a biological view point cancer cells originate from normal cells. The features of a cancer cell; such as migrating away from its origin point, mutating and replicating itself, evading cell death and providing itself with a supply of oxygen and nutrients, can all be found in normal healthy cells (Oppenheimer 2006; Tu 2010). However, it is what these cells then do to the surrounding […]

Innate Immune Recognition of DNA

The cGAS is an innate immune sensor that detects double-stranded DNA. Detection of foreign DNA is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that alerts the host immune system to mount a defense response to pathogen infections. But, there is also a challenging side for the host that how they distinguish the foreign DNA with the much abundant self genome. The presence of self or foreign DNA in the cytoplasm is sensed by eukaryotic cells as a danger signal or a sign of […]

Role of P53 Protein in DNA Repair Mechanism

One of the most known tumor suppressors is p53 which has very low concentration because of short half-life time. Reason for this short half-life is E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2. MDM2 is one of the genes regulated by transcription which p53 regulates. Increased p53 levels result also increased of MDM2 transcription rate, followed by this, it results the degradation of the p53 protein, forming an autoregulatory circuit in cells. There are various stress situations that can cause this such as telomere […]

Analysis of the Role of the HIF-1

This paper by Shen and collegues describes the role of the HIF-1 gene and the gene’s response to low oxygen levels in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF-1) plays a critical role in being regulating systematic activities. The HIF-1? subunit contains proline residues which, in the presence of high oxygen levels are hydroxylated by oxygen dependent enzymes. The hydroxylation of proline in the LXXLAP motif in the HIF-1? subunit increases its ability to bind to the von […]