Medieval Literary Expression of Christian Thought

The Middle Ages, also known as the medieval era, is a significant period in European history that spans approximately 1,000 years, from the early 5th century through the 15th century. This era witnessed the creation of some of the most brilliant works of literature, crafted by equally brilliant authors. These literary masterpieces often revolved around central themes, ideas, or messages that the authors aimed to convey to their readers. Among the various themes that permeate medieval literature, the theme of Christianity stands out prominently.

The impact of Christianity on literacy during this period is evident from historical records, such as the first extended written specimen of the Old English (Anglo-Saxon) language, which is a code of laws promulgated by Ethelbert, the first English Christian king (Greenblatt 6). Several literary works from this era reflect the Christian theme, including the poems "Caedmon’s Hymn," "The Dream of the Rood," and the morality play "Everyman."

Caedmon's Hymn

"Caedmon’s Hymn," a poem attributed to the Venerable Bede, serves as a profound illustration of the Christian theme in medieval literature. Bede's background significantly influenced his writing style and thematic focus. From a young age, Bede exhibited exceptional intelligence and was placed in a monastery at seven. A year later, he moved to the monastery of St. Paul at Jarrow under the care of Abbot Ceolfrith. Ralph Mathisen notes that "[i]n 686, a plague so ravaged the monastery that, according to Ceolfrith’s anonymous biographer, only the abbot himself and one boy were well enough to sing the antiphons in the choir. This boy probably was Bede, who even at this young age was able to fulfill the duties of a choir monk" (Mathisen). Bede's primary focus was the spread of Christianity in his native country, as he provides an in-depth history of England up to his lifetime (Fiorentino).

In "Caedmon’s Hymn," Bede narrates the story of Caedmon, a simple cowherd who is illiterate. During a feast, attendees take turns passing a harp and singing. Due to his illiteracy, Caedmon leaves before his turn arrives. That night, he dreams of a stranger who "gifts" him the ability to create song. The next morning, Caedmon shares his newfound gift with his foreman, who is astonished and takes Caedmon to the abbess to provide proof of his newfound talent. Bede writes: "It was evident to all of them that he had been granted the heavenly grace of God. Then they expounded some bit of sacred story or teaching to him, and instructed him to turn it into poetry if he could. He agreed and went away. And when he came back the next morning, he gave back what had been commissioned to him in the finest verse" (Bede 31). Caedmon eventually takes monastic vows and learns sacred history, creating many songs that influence others. Bede explains that the songs he creates from what he learns "sounded so delightful that he made his teachers, in their turn, his listeners" (Bede 32).

The Dream of the Rood

In contrast to "Caedmon’s Hymn," where the Christian theme is embodied through a living being, "The Dream of the Rood" presents a more symbolic representation of Christianity. Although the author and exact date of composition remain unknown, "The Dream of the Rood" is considered the finest of a large number of religious poems in Anglo-Saxon literature (Greenblatt 32). The poem was originally known only in fragmentary form from some 8th-century runic inscriptions on the Ruthwell Cross, now standing in the parish church of Ruthwell, Dumfries and Galloway (Britannica).

"The Dream of the Rood" is a visionary poem that presents a dream in which the narrator sees a majestic tree, or rood, which is the cross on which Christ was crucified. The cross narrates the events leading up to the crucifixion of Christ, providing an intimate and unique perspective on the central event of Christian theology. This poem powerfully conveys the Christian theme by personifying the cross, which becomes a symbol of suffering, redemption, and salvation.

The narrative vividly describes the cross's initial reluctance to harm Christ, reflecting the tension between duty and compassion. Through this personification, the poem explores complex theological concepts, such as sacrifice and divine grace, in a manner that resonates deeply with its audience. The cross's dialogue underscores the transformative power of faith, portraying the crucifixion as a pivotal moment that offers hope and redemption to humanity.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the theme of Christianity is intricately woven into the fabric of medieval literature, as exemplified by works like "Caedmon’s Hymn" and "The Dream of the Rood." These literary pieces not only reflect the deep-rooted Christian beliefs of the era but also contribute to the cultural and spiritual tapestry of the Middle Ages. "Caedmon’s Hymn" highlights the transformative power of divine inspiration and the importance of spreading Christian teachings, while "The Dream of the Rood" offers a symbolic and introspective exploration of the crucifixion. Together, these works underscore the enduring influence of Christianity on medieval literature, serving as a testament to the profound impact of faith on the literary and cultural landscape of the time. By examining these texts, we gain insight into the spiritual and intellectual milieu of the Middle Ages, appreciating the rich legacy of Christian thought and creativity that continues to resonate in contemporary literature and culture.

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