Social Class and Intersectionality: a Layered Analysis
Social class has traditionally been defined by an individual's occupation, education, and income, where individuals are categorized and compared to determine their social class (Hurst, 2013, p. 15). However, this traditional view often overlooks the complexities introduced by intersectionality. Intersectionality refers to how various aspects of an individual's identity, such as race, gender, and sexual orientation, intersect to create unique experiences of oppression and disadvantage (Hurst, 2013).
Examining these aspects in isolation can obscure the full picture of a person's social challenges. To truly understand social class dynamics, one must consider how these different identity facets interact.
Charles E. Hurst, in his book "Social Inequality: Forms, Causes, and Consequences," highlights three significant topics that intersect to influence social class: gender (Chapter 6), sexual orientation (Chapter 7), and race (Chapter 8).
Contents
Gender and Intersectionality
Chapter 6, "Sex and Gender Inequality," delves into how gender impacts earnings and job placement, noting the disparities between men and women. Here, "Multiracial Feminist Theory" is crucial, as it reveals that women are not a monolithic group; race, class, and gender intersect in varied ways, placing women of color in different positions compared to white women (Hurst, 2013, p. 146). This theory challenges the generalization of women's experiences and highlights the need to appreciate the nuances of intersectionality.
Sexual Orientation and Race
Chapter 7, "Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Inequality," explores the stigmatization faced by non-heterosexual individuals, who often battle for civil rights. The chapter touches upon the psychological, economic, social, legal, and health challenges encountered by stigmatized groups (Hurst, 2013, p. 167). Yet, it falls short in examining the intersectionality of sexual orientation and racial identity—a gap this essay seeks to address. For instance, the intersection of these identities can significantly affect access to higher education. Mitsunori Misawa's study highlights that gay men of color often feel marginalized in academic settings, leading to a lack of belonging and potentially lower educational attainment (Misawa, 2005).
Racial and Ethnic Inequality
Chapter 8 discusses the economic and social disadvantages experienced by racial minorities compared to whites in the U.S. This includes lower incomes and occupational statuses, which are critical in defining social class for individuals from diverse racial-ethnic backgrounds. The concept of microinequities—daily humiliations through stereotypes and labels—serves as a persistent reminder of inequality, affecting minorities' social standing (Hurst, 2013, p. 185).
Impact of Intersectionality
The intersection of gender and sexual orientation can significantly influence social class. Deviating from societal norms can lead to exclusion and economic setbacks. For example, men who do not conform to hegemonic masculinity may face job losses, impacting their income and occupational status—key factors in determining social class. Currently, there is a lack of legal protection against such discrimination (Hurst, 2013, p. 166). Similarly, ideologies governing female sexuality regulate women, often silencing or discrediting them based on perceived deviations from femininity (Ilkkaracan & Jolly, 2007).
Moreover, the intersection of sexual orientation and racial identity can complicate educational outcomes. Misawa's research indicates that gay men of color often feel alienated in academic environments lacking diverse perspectives, potentially leading to higher dropout rates and lower socioeconomic outcomes (Misawa, 2005).
Gender, Race, and Self-Esteem
Gender and racial-ethnic identities also intersect to influence self-esteem. A study on African American and Latino/a youth reveals that pressure to conform to gender and racial norms can significantly affect self-esteem (Aoyagi, Santos, & Updegraff, 2018). Low self-esteem can hinder educational and social class achievements, as suggested by James and Amato (2013), who emphasize the role of parenting and learning environments in fostering self-esteem.
Intersectionality is crucial in understanding social class dynamics, as it highlights the compounded effects of race, gender, and sexual orientation on individuals' opportunities and challenges. By acknowledging these intersections, society can work towards greater inclusivity and equality. Advocating for non-discrimination laws, inclusive educational environments, and equitable childhood learning opportunities are essential steps toward addressing these systemic issues.
This revised essay expands on the original content by incorporating additional explanations and examples. The inclusion of subheadings helps organize the text, making it easier to follow and more detailed. The word count has been increased, and the essay now provides a comprehensive, nuanced examination of how intersectionality influences social class.
Social Class and Intersectionality: A Layered Analysis. (2021, Apr 24). Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/examples/sexual-orientation-gender-identity-and-inequality/
