Defying Norms: the Journey of Martha E. Bernal

Rising like phoenixes from society's constraints, women have repeatedly shattered the glass ceilings of their eras. The power that women have garnered through overcoming numerous obstacles has inspired countless others to pursue their dreams. While being a woman in a male-dominated world is challenging, being a Mexican-American woman presents even greater hurdles. This essay explores the life and achievements of Martha E. Bernal, a pioneering Mexican-American woman who broke barriers and left a lasting impact on the field of psychology.

Navigating Dual Identities

Living in a world where racial discrimination is prevalent, Mexican-American women often find themselves grappling with the challenge of being perceived as either too Mexican or too white.

Martha E. Bernal, a prominent figure in this struggle, serves as a beacon of inspiration. Her dedication to helping minorities achieve higher education, coupled with her Latina background, makes her an exemplary historical figure worth examining.

According to her autobiography, "Models of Achievement: Eminent Women in Psychology" (1988), Bernal's life began on April 13, 1931, in San Antonio, Texas. Born to Alicia and Enrique de Bernal, who migrated to the United States as political refugees during the Mexican Revolution, she grew up in a household deeply rooted in Mexican traditions. Her parents met in an English class while preparing for their citizenship exams, exemplifying the bicultural environment in which Bernal was raised.

Although born in San Antonio, Bernal grew up in El Paso, Texas—a border city rich in Mexican traditions due to its proximity to Mexico. This unique setting allowed her to navigate two distinct cultures, providing her with a broader perspective on societal norms and expectations.

Overcoming Discrimination and Sexism

In the late 1930s, Bernal began her education in El Paso, where she quickly learned that speaking Spanish was frowned upon, resulting in punishment. From a young age, she was confronted with the challenges posed by her identity. The societal disapproval of her language and heritage instilled in her a determination to fight for her voice to be heard. This early experience with discrimination was significant, as it highlighted the second-class status imposed on her and other Mexican-Americans by their Anglo peers.

The painful memories of growing up in El Paso lingered with Bernal throughout her life. Her early encounters with discrimination led to an internalization of racism, which she later recognized and addressed through her research. Additionally, Bernal was introduced to sexism from a young age due to the traditional norms prevalent in her household. Despite her aspirations for higher education, societal expectations dictated that a Mexican woman’s role was to care for her husband and the household.

Balancing two cultures with differing values posed challenges in her family's traditions. While her mother and sister supported her pursuit of higher education, her father was initially hesitant. However, his perspective eventually changed. Bernal's drive for education was fueled by an experience where a teacher advised her and her sisters to avoid challenging subjects like math, highlighting the lack of encouragement for girls in academia.

Academic Achievements and Professional Contributions

Undeterred by societal barriers, Bernal pursued higher education, obtaining a Master of Arts from Syracuse University in 1955. In 1962, she became the first Latina to earn a Ph.D. in clinical psychology. Bernal's academic journey was not just about personal achievement but also about challenging the notion that education was a waste of time for women. She defied the stereotype that women were only meant to bear children and be good housewives. Her focus on minority health and multicultural treatment in psychology led her to confront her own unconscious biases and shift her research towards cultural and ethnic psychology.

Martha E. Bernal faced numerous obstacles in her quest for academic success. Despite achieving an elite status through her education, discrimination and sexism continued to influence her career. Recognizing the power that came with her status, Bernal dedicated herself to empowering minorities and helping them attain elite positions.

Legacy and Impact

As highlighted in the obituary by Melba Vazquez, Bernal made substantial contributions to psychology, particularly in childhood psychopathology and ethnic minority research. Her work earned her recognition, honors, and awards, paving the way for women of color, especially Latinas, to receive scholarships and pursue higher education. Bernal's legacy extended beyond her professional achievements; she enjoyed cooking, gardening, hiking, and traveling, sharing these passions with her close friends, family, and long-term partner, Betty Tunstall.

In conclusion, Martha E. Bernal's life is a testament to the resilience and determination required to overcome societal barriers. Her journey from a bicultural upbringing to becoming a trailblazer in psychology serves as an inspiration to women everywhere. Bernal's contributions have not only opened doors for future generations of women but have also challenged the status quo, leaving a profound impact on the field of psychology and society at large. Her legacy continues to inspire those who strive for equality and justice in a world that often resists change.

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