The Evolution of Common Sense: a Historical Perspective

Common sense, that elusive quality often referred to as practical wisdom or sound judgment, has evolved significantly over the centuries. Its meaning and application have varied across different cultures and epochs, reflecting changes in societal norms, philosophical thought, and scientific understanding.

In ancient Greece, common sense, or “koine aisthesis,” was described by Aristotle as the faculty that integrates sensory perceptions into a coherent whole, allowing humans to navigate and comprehend their surroundings effectively. It encompassed the ability to make reasoned decisions based on sensory input and experience, forming the foundation of rational thought in early Western philosophy.

During the Middle Ages, common sense took on a more theological hue, influenced by thinkers like Thomas Aquinas. It was seen as a faculty bestowed by God, enabling humans to discern moral truths and distinguish between good and evil. This theological conception emphasized the innate moral compass inherent in human nature, shaping ethical frameworks that governed personal conduct and societal norms.

The Renaissance marked a pivotal shift in the understanding of common sense, as humanism and empirical observation gained prominence. Scholars such as Francis Bacon emphasized the importance of empirical evidence and observation in forming judgments, challenging the reliance on inherited wisdom or authority. Common sense became intertwined with the idea of empirical reasoning, fostering a more critical and questioning approach to knowledge.

By the Enlightenment, common sense underwent further transformation, influenced by thinkers like John Locke and David Hume. Locke argued that common sense was essential for practical reasoning and everyday decision-making, rooted in shared human experiences and social conventions. Hume, on the other hand, explored the limitations of human understanding, questioning the reliability of sensory perception and challenging traditional notions of certainty.

In the modern era, common sense has been increasingly scrutinized through the lenses of psychology and cognitive science. Psychologists like Daniel Kahneman have studied cognitive biases and heuristics, revealing how common sense can be influenced by unconscious processes and subjective interpretations. Cognitive science has provided insights into how mental schemas and cultural contexts shape our perception of what is “common” or intuitive.

Today, common sense is viewed as a complex interplay of cognitive processes, cultural norms, and individual experiences. It encompasses the ability to apply practical knowledge effectively in various contexts, often relying on intuition, learned behavior, and social cues. In an increasingly interconnected world, where information is abundant yet often conflicting, the role of common sense remains crucial in navigating everyday challenges and making informed decisions.

However, the concept of common sense is not without its critics. Postmodern thinkers have questioned whether common sense is truly universal or merely a product of specific cultural, historical, and social contexts. They argue that what is considered common sense can be inherently biased and exclusionary, reflecting dominant narratives and power dynamics within societies.

In conclusion, the evolution of common sense reflects broader shifts in philosophical, cultural, and scientific paradigms throughout history. From its origins in ancient philosophy to its contemporary interpretations in cognitive science, common sense has been both a practical guide and a subject of philosophical inquiry. Understanding its historical development allows us to appreciate how perceptions of truth, reason, and intuition have evolved over time, shaping our understanding of what it means to exercise sound judgment in a complex world.

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