Civilization Vs. Savagery: Exploring Themes in Lord of the Flies

Introduction

The Oxford Dictionary defines savagery as the condition of being primitive or uncivilized. This concept is starkly illustrated in William Golding's seminal novel, Lord of the Flies, where the juxtaposition of civilization and savagery is explored through the narrative of a group of English boys stranded on an uninhabited island. At first glance, one might assume that these boys, products of a refined and privileged educational system, would naturally gravitate towards order and civility. Yet, Golding challenges this assumption, drawing from his own experiences as a WWII naval officer and a teacher to argue that humans are not innately good.

Instead, he posits that in the absence of societal structures, people may revert to their basest instincts. This essay will explore how Golding uses symbolism, light and dark imagery, and the man versus society conflict to illustrate the struggle between civilization and savagery in Lord of the Flies.

Symbolism

Symbolism is a powerful tool that Golding employs throughout the novel, with the rescue fire serving as one of the most pivotal symbols. Initially, the fire represents hope and the boys' connection to civilization, embodying their desire to be rescued. However, it becomes a source of contention between Ralph and Jack, symbolizing their conflicting priorities. Ralph sees the fire as a beacon for potential rescuers, whereas Jack prioritizes hunting and sustenance, as highlighted in the quote, "There was lashings of blood, said Jack laughing and shuddering, you should have seen it We’ll go hunting everyday- Ralph spoke again, hoarsely. He had not moved. You let the fire go out" (Golding 75). This clash foreshadows the growing rift between the boys, escalating from a mere disagreement to a full-blown division of the group into factions representing order versus chaos. Ironically, the fire, which begins as a symbol of life and hope, transforms into a harbinger of death and destruction by the novel's end. Jack’s attempt to use fire to flush out Ralph unintentionally signals a naval ship, leading to their rescue. Through this duality, Golding conveys the fragile balance between civilization and savagery and underscores the consequences of losing sight of shared goals and authority.

Light and Dark Imagery

Golding further explores the theme of civilization versus savagery through the use of light and dark imagery, particularly evident during the pivotal scene of Simon's death. Simon, a Christ-like figure symbolizing the innate goodness within humanity, becomes the victim of the boys' irrational fear of the beast. His discovery that the beast is merely a dead paratrooper, a remnant of the wider war-torn world, is tragically misunderstood. As he attempts to share this revelation, he is violently killed in a frenzied ritual: "The beast was on its knees in the center, its arms folded over its face. It was crying out against the abominable noise something about a body on the hill" (Golding 175). This scene is enveloped in darkness, representing the boys' descent into savagery and the obliteration of innocence. However, Golding contrasts this with light imagery immediately following Simon's death: "Toward midnight the rain ceased and the clouds drifted away, so that the sky was scattered once more with the incredible lamps of stars" (Golding 176). This celestial imagery suggests a divine presence, symbolizing hope for redemption and the possibility of returning to civility. Simon's death, much like Christ's crucifixion, serves as a catalyst for potential change, urging the boys—and by extension, humanity—to recognize and reconcile their darker impulses.

Man Versus Society Conflict

The conflict between man and society is a central theme in Lord of the Flies, epitomized by Ralph's struggle against Jack's tribe following Piggy's death. Ralph represents the last vestiges of order and rationality, while Jack embodies the allure of power and anarchy: "Suddenly Jack bounded out from the tribe and began screaming wildly. See? See? That’s what you’ll get! I meant that! There isn’t a tribe for you anymore! The conch is gone- He ran forward, stooping. I’m chief Viciously, with full intention, he hurled his spear at Ralph" (Golding 209). This moment marks the complete breakdown of societal structure, with the conch—symbolic of democracy and authority—shattered alongside Piggy’s death, which signifies the demise of intellectualism and reason. Left alone, Ralph's battle against Jack's savage regime highlights the fragility of social constructs and the ease with which they can be dismantled when moral compasses are abandoned. This descent into chaos serves as a microcosm of Golding’s broader message: without the constraints of society, the darkness within humanity can prevail.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Lord of the Flies is a profound exploration of the tension between civilization and savagery, articulated through Golding’s deft use of symbolism, light and dark imagery, and the man versus society conflict. The novel serves as a cautionary tale, reminding readers of the thin veneer of civility that separates order from chaos. Golding’s portrayal of the boys’ descent into anarchy reflects his belief, shaped by his wartime experiences, that mankind is not innately good. This theme remains relevant today, as societal structures continue to be tested by conflicts and moral dilemmas. By understanding the implications of Golding's work, we are prompted to reflect on our own nature and the societal frameworks that govern us, acknowledging that the struggle between civility and savagery is an enduring aspect of the human condition.

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