Dualism and Materialism in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein

Deep within Shelley's "Frankenstein," philosophical threads of dualism and materialism weave through creator and creation alike, binding monster to maker. These philosophical themes are not only pivotal in understanding the motivations and decisions of the characters but also in exploring the broader moral and ethical implications of their actions. This essay will examine how dualism and materialism manifest in the novel, influencing the characters' choices and the resulting consequences, while also highlighting Shelley’s critique of these philosophies.

Victor Frankenstein's Materialism

Victor Frankenstein's journey begins with a deeply materialistic perspective on life and science.

Materialism, as defined in philosophical terms, posits that physical matter is the only reality, and everything, including thought, feeling, and will, can be explained in terms of matter and physical phenomena. In Victor’s case, this belief is evident in his approach to the scientific endeavor of creating life. From the outset, Victor is captivated by the physicality of the human body and the potential to manipulate it through science. His description of a cemetery as merely a repository for dead bodies (Shelley, 48) underscores his focus on the tangible and his disregard for any spiritual or metaphysical considerations.

Victor’s fascination with the anatomical structure of living beings, particularly the human frame, reveals his materialistic obsession. He is enthralled by the physical components such as veins and limbs, yet he fails to acknowledge the existence of the soul or emotional capacity within these structures. This myopic view propels him to create the Creature without contemplating the ethical and existential ramifications of his actions. Victor's inability to foresee the potential for his creation to experience loneliness and abandonment highlights a significant flaw in his scientific pursuit—an oversight that ultimately leads to tragic consequences.

The Creature’s Dualism and Materialism

In contrast to Victor, the Creature's experiences reflect a complex interplay between dualism and materialism. Dualism, which posits that there is more to existence than the physical world, suggests the presence of a soul or consciousness beyond mere material form. From the moment of his awakening, the Creature demonstrates awareness and intelligence, attributes traditionally associated with possessing a soul. His ability to learn language, appreciate beauty, and express deep emotional longing indicates a dualistic dimension to his existence.

Yet, the Creature’s actions also reveal a darker, more materialistic side, particularly in his response to rejection and isolation. Desperate for companionship and acceptance, the Creature’s inability to attain these experiences due to his grotesque appearance and Victor’s refusal to create a companion drives him to commit acts of violence. The Creature’s murders of Victor’s loved ones can be interpreted as soulless, akin to the cold-blooded actions of a serial killer. This duality in the Creature’s nature underscores the novel’s exploration of whether he is driven by an intrinsic lack of soul or by the external circumstances imposed upon him by Victor and society.

Consequences and Philosophical Critique

The interplay of dualism and materialism in *Frankenstein* serves to highlight the broader philosophical and ethical questions surrounding the creation of life and the responsibilities of the creator. Victor’s materialistic approach, devoid of ethical consideration, leads to catastrophic outcomes not only for himself but also for those around him. His failure to recognize the Creature’s capacity for emotion and consciousness reflects a critical oversight in his scientific ambition. Conversely, the Creature’s dualistic struggle between his innate potential for goodness and the materialistic drive towards revenge illustrates the complexities of human nature and the impact of societal rejection.

Shelley’s novel ultimately critiques the limitations of both philosophical perspectives. Victor’s materialism, while enabling scientific advancement, blinds him to the moral and existential dimensions of his creation. The Creature’s dualistic potential is stifled by the harsh realities of a materialistic world that judges him solely on his physical appearance. Through these characters, Shelley challenges readers to consider the ethical implications of scientific exploration and the importance of acknowledging both the physical and metaphysical aspects of existence.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Mary Shelley's *Frankenstein* offers a profound meditation on the themes of dualism and materialism, intricately exploring how these philosophies shape the lives and destinies of Victor Frankenstein and the Creature. Victor’s materialistic obsession with the physical realm leads to his downfall, while the Creature's dualistic struggle underscores the novel’s exploration of humanity’s potential for both good and evil. By weaving these philosophical themes into the narrative, Shelley critiques the reductionist tendencies of materialism and advocates for a more holistic understanding of existence that embraces both the physical and the spiritual. Through this exploration, *Frankenstein* remains a timeless reflection on the moral responsibilities that accompany scientific and technological advancements, urging readers to consider the deeper implications of their pursuits.

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