Jealousy and Control in Robert Browning’s ‘My Last Duchess’

Introduction

Robert Browning's "My Last Duchess," a dramatic monologue written in 1842 during the Victorian era, explores the chilling depths of jealousy and control through the voice of a Duke speaking about his deceased wife. The poem intricately weaves themes of power, possessiveness, and the destructive nature of jealousy into a narrative that captivates readers with its psychological complexity. This essay delves into the character of the Duke, examining how his intense jealousy and need for control lead to tragic consequences. Through a close reading of the text, it becomes evident that Browning masterfully uses language and dramatic techniques to reveal the Duke's character and the toxic dynamics of his relationship with his wife, Lucrezia.

The Duke’s Jealousy and Control

In "My Last Duchess," the Duke emerges as the embodiment of the "green-eyed monster" of jealousy. His obsessive need to control every aspect of his wife's behavior reveals a man deeply insecure and consumed by the fear of losing his perceived dominance. The Duke's jealousy is not limited to romantic suspicions; rather, it extends to any form of attention Lucrezia gives to others, as highlighted by his discomfort with her polite gestures such as smiling or thanking people. This pathological jealousy prevents him from having any rational conversation with her about these actions, showcasing how overpowering emotions can cloud judgment and lead to irrational decisions.

The Duke's control extends beyond life to death, as illustrated by his decision to murder Lucrezia. He is unable to tolerate her treating others with the same kindness she shows him, which he interprets as a slight against his "nine-hundred-years-old name." His ego and need for control are further underscored by lines 9–10: "But to myself they turned (since none puts by / The curtain I have drawn for you, but I)." This quote not only highlights the Duke's control over who can view his late wife's portrait but also symbolizes his desire to dictate her interactions even posthumously.

The Psychological Depths of the Duke

The Duke's actions and words reveal a man deeply entangled in his own insecurities. His accusations against Lucrezia of infidelity with an agent of the Count of Tyrol are based on mere smiles exchanged, reflecting his tendency to jump to conclusions without substantial evidence. His statement, "Then all smiles stopped together," is chilling in its brevity and finality, suggesting a ruthless determination to eliminate any perceived threats to his ego. The Duke's refusal to "stoop" to discuss his feelings with Lucrezia, as indicated in lines 43–44, exposes his arrogance and unwillingness to address issues through communication, opting instead for drastic measures.

Interestingly, the Duke's egotism and insecurity are also evident in his pride over the painting of his wife, which becomes a trophy of his control. He refers to the portrait as "a wonder, now Fra Pandolf's hands / Worked busily a day, and there she stands" (lines 1–4), showcasing his satisfaction in having her image eternally fixed and unchanging—a stark contrast to the dynamic, living woman she once was. The imaginary painter, Fra Pandolf, serves as a narrative device to underscore the Duke's detachment from reality and his self-centered worldview.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Robert Browning's "My Last Duchess" is a haunting exploration of the destructive power of jealousy and the human need for control. Through the Duke's monologue, Browning exposes the toxic dynamics that can arise in relationships when communication is replaced by suspicion and domination. The poem serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of unchecked emotions and the lengths to which individuals may go to preserve their sense of power and identity. By examining the Duke's character and actions, we gain insight into the broader implications of jealousy and the devastating impact it can have on human relationships. Browning's work remains a timeless reminder of the complexities of human nature and the consequences of allowing our darker instincts to prevail.

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