Gender Relations in Lawrence Literature

When one follows the precedent set by those around them, it debilitates mindful independence. During the Victorian Era, the social order rigidly differentiated classes based on income, gender, religion, or race, restricting individual ideas when they differed from societal norms. This systemic discrimination starkly highlighted gender inequality, with female submission and male dominance entrenched as societal norms, leaving women feeling trapped. Such oppressive ideas transfer through generations, prolonging the cycle of abuse. Amidst the struggle for justice, notable author David Herbert Lawrence wrote several literary works addressing these social struggles, including the bildungsroman "Sons and Lovers," published in 1913.

Lawrence's "Sons and Lovers" explores the complex dynamics of gender through the Morel family, particularly focusing on the character Paul Morel. The novel portrays the repercussions of a troubled childhood, where Paul grows up witnessing his father, Mr. Morel's, abusive treatment towards his mother. This environment instills in Paul a conflicted understanding of gender roles, foreshadowing his struggles in adult relationships. According to scholar Ting Bo, women in the Victorian Era were expected to be submissive, as exemplified by Mrs. Morel's obedience to her husband (Bo 3). Lawrence uses Paul's upbringing to illuminate the theme of gender discrimination, reflecting societal expectations.

Impressions from Childhood

Childhood experiences play a crucial role in shaping one's morals, beliefs, and future actions. Growing up in a household dominated by a misogynistic and unhappy marriage, Paul endures psychological effects that influence his perception of gender roles. Mr. Morel's influence as a male figure sets a precedent for Paul, modeling demeaning behavior toward women. Morel's aggressive assertion of dominance over his wife is a reflection of societal norms, as seen when he derogatorily calls her a "nasty little bitch" (Lawrence 24). This instills fear and submission in Mrs. Morel, exemplifying the acceptable social standards of the time.

Helen Baron notes that Mr. Morel's alcoholism exacerbates his desire for dominance, furthering tensions within the family (Baron 2). His expectation that Mrs. Morel fulfills household duties underscores her perceived inferiority. Despite her education and middle-class status, Mrs. Morel remains trapped in an oppressive marriage, symbolizing the broader subjugation of women. Ironically, she is viewed as inferior to her lower-class, alcoholic husband, highlighting societal discrimination. This dynamic influences Paul's childhood perception of women, as he becomes accustomed to his mother's submission. Mrs. Morel's inability to challenge her husband's authority perpetuates the cycle of oppression.

Complex Relationships

As an adult, Paul's romantic relationships reflect the gender dynamics he observed in his parents' marriage. His relationship with Miriam is particularly illustrative, as he initially admires her beauty but becomes critical under his mother's influence. Mrs. Morel's disapproval of Miriam leads Paul to despise her, mirroring societal criticism of women. Lawrence uses Mrs. Morel as a symbol of societal expectations, where women are scrutinized and marginalized. Paul condescends to Miriam, perceiving her humility as a flaw, reflecting societal treatment of women as inherently weak (Lawrence 152).

Contrasting with Miriam, Clara Dawes represents sexual desire and social acceptance. Paul views Clara as an object of sexual gratification, aligning with societal views that reduce women to mere possessions. Clara's sexuality is seen as a prize, reinforcing the stereotype that women exist to please men. This perception further entrenches female submission, as Paul fails to recognize Clara's complexity beyond her physicality. Through his relationships with Miriam, Clara, and his mother, Paul embodies the conflicting expectations society places on women, illustrating the pervasive nature of gender discrimination.

Internal Struggles

Paul's internal struggles are rooted in his childhood experiences and the societal norms he internalizes. His mother's influence creates a psychological barrier that hinders his personal growth. Paul feels incapable of forming meaningful relationships, fearing the rejection of social and familial expectations. His struggle is compounded by his conflicting desires for independence with Miriam and sexual fulfillment with Clara. Paul perceives Miriam's timidity as a flaw, while Clara's sexuality aligns with societal ideals. This internal conflict underscores the oppressive standards imposed on women and the detrimental impact on Paul's psyche.

The novel's characters reflect the broader theme of gender inequality, where men are expected to be dominant and women submissive. Mrs. Morel's endurance of Mr. Morel's aggression exemplifies the societal constraints on women, who are unable to escape oppressive marriages due to economic and patriarchal barriers. These standards perpetuate the belief that women's treatment is justified, influencing future generations. Lawrence critiques these oppressive norms through the characters' experiences, highlighting the need for societal change.

In conclusion, "Sons and Lovers" explores the damaging effects of gender discrimination and societal expectations. Paul's relationships and internal conflicts reflect the oppressive standards of the Victorian Era, illustrating the pervasive nature of gender inequality. Lawrence's critical portrayal of these dynamics emphasizes the need for societal progress, challenging readers to confront and dismantle entrenched gender roles. By highlighting the destructive impact of these norms, Lawrence advocates for a more equitable and just society, where individuals are free to define their own identities.

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