Feminism in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen

Jane Austen, born on December 16, 1775, in Hampshire, England, was an influential English novelist whose works continue to resonate with readers today. Her close bond with her sister Cassandra is well-documented, with the two sharing a bedroom when they were together and writing letters to each other nearly every day when apart. Cassandra's poignant tribute to Jane after her death on July 18, 1817, highlights the deep love between them: “she was gilder of every pleasure, the sun of my life, and the soother of sorrow” (Bendit 245).

Among Austen’s celebrated works, "Pride and Prejudice," published in 1813, stands out for its exploration of the social practices of the 18th and 19th centuries—a time when society was dominated by those with economic and social power.

The novel intricately weaves themes of class, gender, and individualism, set against the backdrop of the Napoleonic Wars and the dawn of the Industrial Revolution (Cartmell). Central to the narrative is the blending of the bourgeoisie with the aristocracy, and Austen's keen interest in the balance between pragmatism and idealism. Through the character of Elizabeth Bennet, the novel examines the struggle to find a place within the conservative social institution of marriage, highlighting the feminist undertones that resonate throughout the story.

Feminism in "Pride and Prejudice"

The character of Elizabeth Bennet is a focal point for Austen's exploration of early feminist ideas. Elizabeth's confrontation with Lady Catherine de Bourgh, where she asserts, “he’s a man like I am a man’s daughter, thus we are the same” (p. 306), marks a significant moment in her self-assertion and feminist expression. Feminism, defined as the advocacy for women's rights on the grounds of equality between the sexes, is subtly woven into Elizabeth's character from the beginning of the novel. Her outspoken nature and unyielding opinions demonstrate her resistance to societal oppression.

Elizabeth's growth as a feminist icon is further exemplified by her interactions with other characters. Initially, Elizabeth is portrayed as a carefree and witty individual. However, her strength in standing up to Lady Catherine marks a pivotal transition in her character, solidifying her feminist stance. Her equation of herself with Darcy not only signifies her growth but also her comfort in her own skin, refusing to be diminished by criticism.

The character of Charlotte Lucas provides another perspective on evolving feminism in the novel. Her pragmatic decision to marry Mr. Collins for security rather than love is a reflection of her feminist agency. In the early chapters, Charlotte's declaration, “What I need is a palatial house... as per Collins' personality, as well as connections in life I am certain that my chance with him is as fair as a majority of people can boast on starting a marriage life” (p. 109), underscores her practical approach to life. While Elizabeth seeks love and respect in marriage, Charlotte's choices reflect a different yet valid form of feminist expression, highlighting the complexity and diversity of women's experiences and decisions.

Horizontal Hostility and Feminist Solidarity

Austen also addresses the concept of horizontal hostility, where members of an oppressed group, in this case, women, often project their frustrations onto each other rather than the oppressive structures. In the late 18th and 19th centuries, women faced oppression from men of higher social classes, who treated them as commodities. This led to women expressing their anger through mockery, belittlement, and backbiting. Elizabeth's interactions with Ms. Bingley, who harbors disdain for her due to Darcy's interest, illustrate this hostility. Instead of succumbing to such negativity, Elizabeth's retaliation against Lady Catherine's comments marks a shift towards self-defense and a move away from traditional roles, embodying a modern, self-concerned individual.

The narrative further explores the theme of feminist solidarity through Elizabeth's interactions with other female characters. Despite the societal pressures and internalized misogyny that pit women against each other, Elizabeth's journey ultimately emphasizes the importance of mutual respect and understanding among women. Her eventual relationship with Darcy, built on mutual respect and love, serves as a testament to the potential for personal growth and empowerment within the confines of a patriarchal society.

Conclusion

Jane Austen's personal life, notably her decision to remain single despite societal expectations, mirrors the themes explored in "Pride and Prejudice." Her choice to earn a living through writing novels was unconventional for her time and reflects her own feminist beliefs. Throughout the novel, Austen emphasizes Elizabeth's pursuit of happiness through love rather than financial gain. Elizabeth's marriage to Darcy is not only a union of love but also one of mutual respect and freedom. Her courage in confronting Lady Catherine, her empowerment of fellow women, and her description as "sporty" by Georgiana all contribute to her evolution into the feminist she was meant to be. Austen's portrayal of Elizabeth reflects her own feminist beliefs, highlighting the intelligence and capability of women and challenging the societal norms of her time. Through Elizabeth's journey, Austen offers a nuanced and compelling exploration of feminism, making "Pride and Prejudice" a timeless reflection on gender equality and individual empowerment.

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