The Monomyth in “The Alchemist”

The Alchemist, a novel written in 1988 by the author Paulo Coelho, whom received the Crystal Award by the World Economic Forum and France. He is known for other major works such as Aleph and Eleven Minutes. The Alchemist is his most famous work, which is one of the most translated works. The story take place in Spain as a young shepherd boy named Santiago start his search for finding his personal legend after having a dream about a treasure in the Pyramids of Egypt.

In his journey he comes across different obstacles which he must confront in order to fulfill his dream. His journey for finding the treasure starts at Andalusia-Spain- and continue while crossing the large desert until he reaches the Pyramids of Egypt. In his journey Santiago learns that when someone really desires something, the whole world conspires in achieving it (Coelho 23).

The Monomyth in The Alchemist

""A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man."" (Campbell 28). As Campbell explained in his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, the hero's journey begins and ends in the hero's ordinary world, but the adventure takes place in another different world than of the comfortable known world of the hero. While doing so, the hero comes across different stages in order to succeed and grow into a hero.

In The Alchemist, Coelho uses many characteristics of the hero's quest, all of the following patterns can be found in the journey of the protagonist Santiago, regardless of being clear or indirect. The following lines will explain the major traits of the pattern in the hero's journey as presented in The Alchemist divided into three main sections: departure, initiation and return.

1. Departure

Firstly, The Call to Adventure which is one of the major traits in heroes' journeys as it sets the start of the adventure. All heroes' journey begin in the known comfortable world of the hero which would be presented in the beginning of myth and a call to adventure will occur in order for the hero to enter the unknown world in which the adventure will take place in. The unknown world would be presented as a far, mysterious or scary place (Campbell 58).

The first trait-the call to adventure- might be a little hard to notice In The Alchemist, as it take place when Santiago dreams of a treasure under the pyramids while he is in his homeland Andalusia. The vision Santiago dream of is his call, as a call to adventure can happen in any form. However this call is indirect and would not have been understood without the interpretation of the Gypsy woman who says ""...you must go to the Pyramids in Egypt...There you will find a treasure..."" (Coelho 15).

Secondly in the departure phase is meeting with the mentor, or as Campbell call it Supernatural Aid. Hero needs guidance for his adventure and this is what the supernatural aid is for, and the mentor can be anything or anyone but mostly, an old man. ""One has only to know and trust, and the ageless guardians will appear."" (Campbell 66). A mentor gives an insight to what might await the hero, advices to what he should be prepared for and might even give magical aids to the hero so he or she can be confident and set to the adventure (Voytilla 5-12).

In The Alchemist the mentor is presented as Melchizedek a king of Salem whom Santiago meets after leaving the Gypsy woman store and being confused by her interpretation of his dream. The king encourages Santiago into taking a further step in his life, and not letting go of an adventure that he might have been waiting for, for a long time. The king gives advices to Santiago and also a pair of stones to help him in his journey, ""They are called Urim and Thummim. The black signifies 'yes', and the white 'no'. When you are unable to read the omens, they will help you to do so."" (Coelho 31). The pair of stones are the magical aid the mentor gave to Santiago.

The last trait in this phase is The Crossing of the First Threshold. After all preparation for the adventure have been made, fears are controlled and confident is gained and all that is left is for the hero is to commits to the adventure. In this trait the hero says his farewell to his family, friend or maybe his tribe. He might leave on the back of a horse or might be swallowed into the new world ( Volgar 127).

The crossing of the First Threshold is presented shortly in The Alchemist when Santiago sells his flock of sheep to a friend and sail to Tanger in North Africa, starting his adventure, as he feels the omens are on his side which gives him confidence.

2. Initiation

First trait in Initiation is The Road of Trial, ""Once having traversed the threshold, the hero moves in a dream landscape of curiously fluid, ambiguous forms, where he must survive a succession of trials."" (Campbell 89). In addition the hero goes through different tests encountering enemies or making allies. This stage is important as it shows the difference between the ordinary world and the new unknown world, and it can take more than one trail for the hero to succeed (Voytilla 5-12).

In The Alchemist the first trail occur when Santiago loses his money to a thief who deceives him as being a friend who will guide him to the Pyramids. Santiago is then left with no money in hands and in a different place with a different language that he cannot yet speak. Santiago succeeds the first test when he makes his choice of continuing despite the hardships ""I'm an adventurer, looking for treasure."" (Coelho 44). Another trial is when he meets the crystal merchant and start working for him, this trial is different from the first one as he makes a friend not an enemy. These trials do not end here but continues while Santiago learns more about the language of the world while working on the crystal shop and succeed in raising the business, Maktub while crossing the desert with the caravan, Alchemy when meeting the English man who wants to be an alchemist and even love after meeting Fatima the desert woman.

The second trait is The Approach to the Inmost Cave; this stage is the central of the journey where the hero make preparation physically and mentally for his final challenge and might develop his love with the beloved, this development make their love stronger as a preparation for what comes next (Volgar 143-144).

This is where Santiago makes his decision of going with the alchemist who will guide him to the Pyramids, also selling his camel and buying a horse to cross the desert faster. Moreover the love development happens when he proposes to Fatima the desert woman and promises to comeback for her, as she replies ""Before this, I always looked to the desert with longing...Now it will be with hope."" (Coelho 128). Therefore Fatima accepts Santiago's proposal and promises to wait for his return.

The last trait in this phase is The Ultimate Boon or the crises, in which the hero faces his ultimate challenge and the threat of death, ""The mainspring of the heroic form and the key to its magic power."" (Volger 155). In this trait the hero faces death or might even die, only to be reborn again, having changed and grown into a stronger self, as the threat of death is the strongest emotion that can change people (Volger 156).

The Alchemist presents this trait in the alchemist's challenge with the men of the desert right before arriving to the Pyramids, in which Santiago is challenged to destroy the camp of the desert's men by turning himself into the wind in three days, or he will have to sacrifice his life to the leader of the camp. In this challenge, Santiago faces the threat of death as days go by without him knowing what to do, or of any magic to destroy the camp using wind force. But only in the third day he achieves his goal, after truly understanding the soul of the world and remembering that Fatima will be awaiting him.

3. Return

The Reward is the first trait in the last phase of the hero's journey. After surviving the crisis, the hero receives his reward. The reward can be of different shapes and kinds, an elixir, a sword or even insight in life or moral lesson. This trait gives the hero a time to celebrate and gain his strength, preparing him for the road back (Voytilla 5-12).

This trait can be shown in two forms in The Alchemist, a physical reward and a mental or a spiritual reward. The first reward is when Santiago survives the challenge of the desert's men, he then truly understands the soul of the world, and how everything works in life, this insight in life is a mental and a spiritual reward. The other form of reward which is the physical one takes more time to achieve, as Santiago continue his road until he arrives at the Pyramids where only his treasure location became clear when a boy tell him ""I dreamed that I should travel to the fields of Spain and look for a ruined church where shepherds and their sheep slept. In my dream, there was a sycamore growing out of the sacristy, and I was told that, if I dug at the roots of the sycamore, I would find a hidden treasure."" (Coelho 171-172).This emerges the trait and the next one which is the road back together but does not prevent any of them.

The road back, which is the last trait of the return phase in the hero's journey, requires the hero's decision in staying in the new world or returning to the ordinary world. As the hero has acquired the skills of mastering both worlds, it is time for him or her to choose which world to stay in (Vogler 187).

As noticed in the previous trait reward, the second reward which is the treasure in the church requires the returning of the hero Santiago to his ordinary world, which is Andalusia-Spain- in order to obtain it. Therefore this could prevent the decision of choosing the world from occurring. However it does not, because even after returning to Andalusia and finding the treasure Santiago says his final words ""I'm coming, Fatima."" (Coelho 177) and this gives a clear idea of Santiago's decision in stay in the new world.

Conclusion

To summarize, many characteristics of each phase of the quest can be traced in The Alchemist as being clear in some parts and indirect in others.

Firstly the departure phase is presented in all of it major traits from the indirect call in Santiago's vision to the mentor Melchizedek that guide Santiago to his adventure and the crossing from the ordinary world Andalusia to the new unknown world of North Africa as presented in Tanger, the big desert, Faiyum and the Pyramids of Egypt.

Secondly is the initiation phase as clear in the many trails Santiago goes through from meeting the thief, the crystal merchant, the English man, Fatima and others. As well as the approach of the Inmost Cave, in which the love development occur between Santiago and Fatima. Another is the crisis in which Santiago faces the alchemist's challenge of summoning the wind force.

Lastly is the phase of return, in which Santiago receives his mental or spiritual reward by developing an insight to the world, and his physical reward which is the treasure in the church. Moreover, the last trait is presented in Santiago's decision in staying in the new world, exactly in the Faiyum, with his beloved Fatima.

In conclusion, we can say that after applying Joseph Campbell's theory of The Monomyth on The Alchemist; it is noticeable that despite The Alchemist being a postmodernism wok of literature, the author Coelho used all major patterns of the hero's journey of ancient myth in his novel and this developed Santiago's journey from an ordinary one into an archetypal one.

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