Physiology, pathophysiology and symptoms of hypoglycemia Hypoglycemia occurs when the blood glucose levels go below 4mmol/ (72mg/dL). It is characterized by reduced plasma glucose concentration to low levels which may induce symptoms associated with low blood sugar such as changes in mental status or even stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. The condition usually occurs […]
Introduction Stimulants are either natural, refined or synthetic. They can be legal or illegal. Stimulants are drugs which can increase mental alertness, inflate physical energy, influences brain chemicals (cause excitement) and brings about euphoria. They stimulate the central nervous system. Some of the medicinal stimulants include amphetamines and methylphenidate, and they are mostly prescribed to […]
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Order nowChronic alcohol consumption is known to cause brain disorders due to the influence it has on neurons functionality such coordination and sending of information to the brain. Chronic alcohol use leads to alteration of neuron shapes or possible loss of neurons (Calhoun, 2013). Firstly, binge drinking over an extended period can cause Wernicke’s encephalopathy which […]
Opioid addiction, dependence, and tolerance are signs of drug abuse manifesting in brain changes. Patients suffering from addictions can be helped to understand that illnesses related to the addiction has a biological basis and the use of these drugs is purposely meant to manage acute pain and chronic disorders. Therefore, an addicted individual requires continuing […]
Addiction, tolerance and withdrawal Addiction as the inability to continuously abstain from a specific behavior such as abusing drugs and this leads to reduced control over that behavior, dysfunctional emotional response and lack of recognition of consequent problems associated with the behavior and ones interpersonal relationships. Just like other chronic diseases addiction leads to a […]
